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Higher

education

Veterinary medicine

Changes in the laws have been made in six political divisions. since Ap. 1, 1900, viz, Delaware, Indiana, Iowa, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New York.

Supervision and licensing.

Veterinary medicine is regulated by statute in 16 states. In California, Iowa, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Virginia examining boards are appointed by the governor; in Illinois by the State Board of Live Stock Commissioners; in New York by the Regents of the University of the State of New York; in Delaware diplomas must be registered with the clerk of the peace; in Wisconsin with the registrar of deeds; in New Jersey and Indiana with the county clerk.

Licentiates of other states. There is no special provision for licentiates of other state boards except in Ohio and Pennsylvania, where they are admitted on proof of equal requirements. Synopsis of requirements Oct. 1, 1901. In six states a veterinary diploma does not admit to the practice of veterinary medicine, an examination being required in all cases: Iowa, Minnesota, New York, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, Virginia.

The following require for admission to the licensing examination:

Iowa, diploma from legally chartered and recognized veterinary school.

Minnesota, diploma from veterinary school.

New York, full high school course, diploma of veterinary school with satisfactory standard.

North Dakota, diploma from veterinary school.

Pennsylvania, competent common school education, approved diploma from legally incorporated veterinary school having a course of three years.

Virginia requires the licensing examination only.

Illinois requires approved veterinary diploma or three years' practice or an examination.

Indiana requires diploma from reputable veterinary school. Ohio and New Hampshire require approved veterinary diploma or examination by state board.

California and Maryland require veterinary diploma ap- Libraries proved by state board.

New Jersey admits on veterinary diploma submitted to un

qualified local authority.

Wisconsin admits on veterinary diploma or certificate submitted to unqualified local authority.

Michigan registers veterinary medical degrees without examination and issues certificates of "veterinary surgeon those who pass the examinations of the state veterinary board. Delaware requires all veterinarians to be registered with clerk of the peace, licenses to be prepared by secretary of state. The other states and territories have no laws on the subject.

LIBRARIES AND HOME EDUCATION1

MELVIL DEWEY M. A. DIRECTOR NEW YORK STATE LIBRARY

In 1901 there were passed 92 library laws pertaining to the state at large in 31 states and Oklahoma, not including the much greater number of local acts, applying to special libraries or localities. 39 laws were in the Central states, 30 in the North Atlantic. The legislation of the year shows steady growth toward the newer and broader conceptions of what libraries really ought to be and to do. The University law of 1889 gave New York the first state library department by making the interests of public libraries and home education an integral part of the University under charge of the Regents. Since then 20 states have established library commissions whose functions are each year growing more important. Seven states this year have increased the powers, duties and funds of these commissions. Some states gave the best approval of their work by doubling available appropriations. Idaho, Washington, Delaware and Nebraska created new commissions. It is curious confirmation of the rule that nothing is so good that it will not have opponents that in Illinois, Missouri and South Dakota efforts to establish library commissions failed. In the last state an assemblyman moved to amend the title of the bill to read, "A bill to provide employment for idle people." The Tennessee library commission at present has as its only function the See also Comparative Summary and Index, 1901, no. 600-75.

and home education

Libraries and home

charge of the state library and the election of its librarian, but education inevitably will have to take on the other library interests of the state. Recognition is growing that the state library board, commission or whatever the central body may be called, should have charge of the interests not only of public libraries, but of traveling libraries and of the state's own central collection, consolidating in a single board all book interests of the state. New Hampshire passed a definite law consolidating gradually its library commission and the trustees of the state library.

The evolution of the distinct library and home education department is going on in all the more progressive states. The New Hampshire law in providing that not more than two of its three commissioners may be of one political party voices the universal sentiment that libraries must be kept out of politics. Wisconsin gives $1500 a year chiefly to catalogue and distribute to libraries its public documents, thus recognizing that work connected with books, whether preparation, publishing or distribution, as well as the ordinary function of storage with reference and lending departments, can be done best and cheapest by the state's book department.

Illinois gives $2500 a year for libraries for its farmers institutes, which in many states are becoming the most important factor in reaching rural homes. Michigan inserts the word women's before the permission to clubs to be registered and borrow books, indicating the great influence exerted by the women's clubs and federations and their prominence in efforts to extend libraries. It is to be hoped that the wiser minds will see the folly of handicapping their efforts by extreme provisions like that in Washington requiring the secretary to be a woman. While much of the best library work is and always will be done. by woman, it is only an embarrassment to her to have sex legislation.

Traveling libraries increase their influence and recognition. For them Idaho appropriates $6000, Pennsylvania $3500, Vermont $600 annually, Washington $2000, and the work which is now in every state of the Union but three, in some form, is steadily making its way as a recognized part of the state's educational system and deserving and getting more substantial support.

and home

Michigan increases the salary of its librarian from $1200 to Libraries $1500 and joins the ranks of the progressive commonwealths education which offer freely advice and instruction from the state library on library administration. It also directs the state library to register and lend books to grange libraries which are brought into the system and must report to the state library, thus using the grange as Illinois does the farmers institute as a means of reaching rural homes.

Greater liberality is manifested in appropriations and in the extent to which communities are allowed to tax themselves. Kansas has raised the limit from 1 to 2 mills, Missouri and Nebraska from 1 to 2 mills, New Jersey from to mills, North Dakota from 1 to 4, Tennessee from to mills. Wisconsin adds $5000 yearly to its former appropriation for books for the general state library (Historical society). Indi ana doubles the allowance for its commission, Nebraska gives $4000 for commission work, North Carolina gives $5000 for rural school libraries, and on all sides practical recognition is given. to the rapidly growing importance of libraries. Salaries though still absurdly low are increasing each year. New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Indiana authorize issue of bonds for library purposes.

North Carolina orders a separate place fitted up for colored people in its library. Tennessee makes the librarian's term four years instead of two. Vermont gives $300 for additional help in the state library "whenever deemed necessary by the librarian." North Carolina gives $10 from the state board and $10 from the county board of education when $10 is raised locally for a rural school library. Missouri makes a state library board with four year terms and orders district boards to set aside from 5c to 20c a pupil for books. Vermont authorizes any three citizens to organize and borrow traveling libraries for which $600 is appropriated. More liberal laws for establishment and maintenance have been passed by Arizona, Arkansas, California, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Maine, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Washington and Wyoming.

Libraries and home

The mandatory or obligatory element begins to appear. New education Hampshire led with a law requiring the provision of public libraries in every town of the state. California now orders it when one fourth of the voters petition and there are indications that a reasonable minority may insist on public library privileges as a right in most of the states. Idaho and New Jersey follow New York in allowing taxation for library purposes beyond the limit fixed for other uses. Maine recognizes a free library maintained by an association as a public library though not owned or controlled by the public. Minnesota authorizes cities and vil lages of less than 50,000 to receive gifts of library buildings, to secure site and pledge a tax of not over 11⁄2 mills. New Jersey changes its regular board of trustees from five members elected for three years to seven elected for five years. We find one discordant note in the maximum tax law of Nevada, that in counties of over 7000 the commissioners must levy a library tax on petition of a majority of taxpayers, but of not over 10c on each $100 of property. Formerly it was not less than 10c nor over 50c.

Wherever the school authorities have charge of libraries, with exceptions only frequent enough to prove the rule, the library is crowded into a subordinate position. All experience and observation confirm what might be expected, that the best results can be obtained only when libraries are in charge of their own trustees whose supreme interest is the library. School trustees properly look on the school as the all important thing and the library as a more or less valuable adjunct, and as a result it is kept or forced into a subordinate position which stifles its proper development.

A county library board is provided for in Wisconsin with five members with three year terms to establish traveling libraries and appoint a supervising librarian. The county may levy a tax of $500 the first year and $200 thereafter. Gifts may be accepted for public libraries and a tax for maintenance levied up to 15% of the gift. Wyoming authorizes county library trustees to pay expenses of repairing buildings furnished rent free for libraries. In Oregon county clerks may levy a property tax of 10c for each child of 4 to 20 for a school district library. South Dakota

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