or policy, or a so-called social science, seeks to compass its object by tampering with those primary affections and sympathies which have been implanted in the heart of man, and with those moral laws which they disclose, the narrow and audacious presumption ought to be branded as rebellion against the supreme government of the universe."*

Look where we may, we shall find evidence, that the necessity for the application of intelligence to the co-ordination of the movements of the various members of the societary body, grows with the growth of wealth and numbers, and that the more wisely it is exercised, the greater is the growth of production-the more rapid i the progress of accumulation—the more equitable is the distri bution the longer is the duration of life-the more perfect is th development of local centres of action-and the greater is the ter dency towards the creation of a sound morality, and towards th development of the real MAN, master of nature and of himself.†

We read in the Arabian Nights of a ship that had been carr by the current so near to a rock of adamant, that her bolts be all drawn out she fell to pieces. Such precisely must bec

LALOR: Money and Morals, p. 135.

To all appearance, the railroad question is destined soon to furnish of high importance in reference to the necessity for the steady exercis the societary powers. -The construction of such roads tends toward annihilation of competition for the performance of the work of transport - thereby creating monopolies that may be rendered most oppre Throughout Continental Europe generally, the several communities therefore, deemed it necessary to exercise a sound discretion in refere the roads that might be constructed-while retaining a controlling po regard to the terms upon which they should be required to do their The consequences of this are seen in the facts, that, while their charg moderate, they have, with few exceptions, been profitable to all—givi: dividends to their owners, while facilitating intercourse, and thereby value to both land and labor.-In Great Britain, on the contrary, it ha held, that the interests of the community were to be promoted by the competition for the construction of roads the result now exhibiting in ruinous competition for business at one moment, and high chai another-in the general ruin of those who have made the roads - in sion of the population, and consolidation of the land. As a remedy fo evils under which they suffer, the railroad companies are now engage creation of a sort of Congres an imperium in imperio - that will, pr and at no distant day, control the legislation of the country.

So is it, even now, in these United States railroad companies controlling the legislation of many of the States. The day for gene bination having not yet arrived, but there are many evidences of approach. When it shall arrive, it will furnish new proof of the f of all governments the most exhausting and oppressive is that transporters.

the position of every community in which industrial development has still to be accomplished, and yet adopts the doctrine of laisser faire-manufactures being to the societary machine exactly what the bolts are to the ship. Turkey and Jamaica, Ireland and India, having been forced into its adoption, the result is seen in the facts, that the power of co-ordination has ceased to exist; that land and labor are almost valueless; that the over-population theory finds there its most available material; and that they steadily decline in their power to maintain commerce with the world-that decline being attended by corresponding increase in the proportions borne by the countries which follow in the lead of Colbert and of France.*

* Looking to the almost innumerable papers on various questions in social science, that crowd our daily, weekly, and other journals, and seeing the manner in which the words civilization, freedom, democracy, and the like, are used, the reader of Goethe is forcibly reminded of the following passage, in his tragedy of Faust:

"Mephistopheles. Here, again, it is best to attend but one master, and swear by his words. Generally speaking, stick to words; you will then pass through the safe gate into the temple of certainty.'

"Student. But there must be some meaning connected with the word.'
“Mephistopheles.—' Right; only we must not be too anxious about that;
r it is precisely where meaning fails, that a word comes in most oppor-
nely. Disputes may be admirably carried on with words; a system may
built with words; words form a capital subject for belief; a word admits
of an iota being taken from it.'"'

all the terms in common use among modern economists, there is
en a single one in regard to the real value of which they are at all
and hence it is, that we find them recommending the same treatment
ises of an exactly opposite character. England suffers under the
nounced by Adam Smith, as certain to convert her whole people
of shopkeepers and manufacturers. America suffers under one
forbids the existence of manufactures, yet is the free trade remedy
both.-What, however, is this freedom of trade? Does it con-
but one market to which to go, as is the case with Ireland and
ousand, as is the case with France and Belgium? Can there
of trade, in the absence of manufactures, and can manufac-
ilt up, in the absence of protection? All experience says,

CHAPTER LIII.

THE SAME SUBJECT CONTINUED.

Of the Commerce of the World.

§1. THE man whose faculties remain undeveloped, can maintain but little commerce. His ideas being few in number, he can have little intercourse by means of speech or correspondence. His power over nature being small, he has few commodities to offer in exchange for those he needs. The man of high development the real MAN on the contrary, can have commerce with nature in all her forms, animate and inanimate. Abounding in ideas, he is fully provided with the means of maintaining commerce with his fellow-men- giving them out at one moment by means of writing or of speech, and absorbing them at another by help of eye or ear. Go where he may, he finds occasion for augmenting his stock of knowledge-the power of accumulation being here, as every where, in the direct ratio of the rapidity of circulation.

So, too, is it with societies their power to maintain commerce with the world being dependent, altogether, upon the development of the various individualities of their many members, and consequent development of the latent powers of the earth. Purely agricultural communities, like the pauper, maintain intercourse where they must-those which are highly developed doing so, on the contrary, where they will. Look, therefore, where we may, we shall find evidence of the truth of the great general principle, that the power to maintain commerce is in the direct ratio of the perfection of the organization-that, in turn, becoming more complete as the power of co-ordination is more discreetly exercised.

§ 2. Organized bodies grow from within, and the greater their growth, the greater is their power to absorb and digest the elements by which they are surrounded - applying them to their