INTRODUCTION TO THE THIRTEENTH PHILIPPIC.

THE design of sending other Legati to Antonius had been abandoned, and Cicero in this oration maintains that there can be no peace with Antonius; the war must be vigorously prosecuted. M. Lepidus, who had brought to terms Sex. Pompeius in Spain, for which service the senate had honoured him with a statue (Phil. v. c. 15), had written to recommend peace with Antonius (c. 4, &c.); and Cicero answers his recommendation by showing that there can be no peace with a man who is in arms against the state, and had not deigned to give an answer to the commissioners who had been sent (c. 9).

Cicero then reads a letter from Antonius to Hirtius and Caesar, which letter or a copy Hirtius had forwarded from Mutina to Rome. Cicero takes the letter clause by clause and makes his remarks on it (c. 10—21), and in such a way as to put the worst meaning on what Antonius had written.

He concludes by agreeing with what Servilius had said about the proposals and letter of Lepidus; and moves that Sex. Pompeius should be thanked for the offer which he had made of his services.

The consul Pansa had now left Rome to join his colleague Hirtius before Mutina.

ORATIONUM PHILIPPICARUM

LIBER TERTIUSDECIMUS.

I. A PRINCIPIO hujus belli, patres conscripti, quod cum impiis civibus consceleratisque suscepimus, timui ne conditio insidiosa pacis libertatis recuperandae studia restingueret. Dulce enim etiam nomen est pacis, res vero ipsa quum jucunda, tum salutaris. Nam nec privatos focos nec publicas leges videtur nec libertatis jura cara habere, quem discordiae, quem caedes civium, quem bellum civile delectat, eumque ex numero hominum ejiciendum, ex finibus humanae naturae exterminandum puto. Itaque sive Sulla sive Marius sive uterque sive Octavius sive Cinna sive iterum Sulla sive alter Marius et Carbo sive qui alius civile bellum optavit, eum detestabilem civem rei publicae natum judico. Nam quid ego de proximo dicam, cujus acta defendimus, auctorem ipsum jure caesum fatemur? Nihil igitur hoc cive, nihil hoc homine taetrius, si aut civis aut homo habendus est, qui civile bellum concupiscit. Sed hoc primum videndum est, patres conscripti, cum omnibusne pax esse possit an sit aliquod bellum inexpiabile, in quo pactio pacis lex sit servitutis. Pacem cum Scipione Sulla sive faciebat sive simulabat, non erat desperandum, si convenisset, fore aliquem tolerabilem statum civitatis. Cinna si concordiam cum Octavio confirmare voluisset, hominum in re publica sanitas remanere potuisset. Proximo bello

1. publicas leges] Publicas' is only added to balance' privatos.' It means nothing here. libertatis jura:' what we might call the rights of liberty,' but it is no exact use of ‘jura.'

Octavius] The consul Cn. Octavius (B.C. 87) who quarrelled with his colleague L. Cornelius Cinna. See Plutarch, Marius, c. 41.—' alter Marius :' the son of C. Marius,

the conqueror of the Cimbri.

de proximo] C. Caesar.

cum Scipione] See Phil. xii. c. 11, and the note.

hominum... potuisset] "quae in Vi desunt, in marg. manus sec. supplevit " (Halm). Faernus proposed to read 'omnino' for hominum.'

si aliquid de summa gravitate Pompeius, multum de cupiditate Caesar remisisset, et pacem stabilem et aliquam rem publicam nobis habere licuisset. II. Hoc vero quid est? cum Antoniis pax potest esse? cum Censorino, Ventidio, Trebellio, Bestia, Nucula, Munatio, Lentone, Saxa? Exempli caussa paucos nominavi: genus infinitum immanitatemque ipsi cernitis reliquorum. Addite illa naufragia Caesaris amicorum, Barbas Cassios, Barbatios, Polliones: addite Antonii collusores et sodales, Eutrapelum, Melam, Caelium, Crassicium, Tironem, Mustelam, Petissium: comitatum relinquo, duces nomino. Huc accedunt Alaudae ceterique veterani, seminarium judicum tertiae decuriae, qui, suis rebus exhaustis, beneficiis Caesaris devoratis, fortunas nostras concupiverunt. 0 fidam dexteram Antonii, qua ille plurimos cives trucidavit ! o ratum religiosumque foedus quod cum Antoniis fecerimus ! Hoc si Marcus violare conabitur, Lucii eum sanctitas a scelere revocabit. Illis locus si in hac urbe fuerit, urbi ipsi locus non erit. Ora vobis eorum ponite, patres conscripti, ante oculos, et maxime Antoniorum, incessum, aspectum, vultum, spiritum; latera tegentes alios, alios praegredientes amicos. Quem vini anhelitum, quas contumelias fore censetis minasque verborum! Nisi forte eos pax ipsa leniet, maximeque, quum in hunc ordinem venerint, salutabunt benigne, comiter appellabunt unum quemque nostrum. III. Non recordamini, per deos immortales, quas in eos sententias dixeritis? Acta M. Antonii rescidistis, leges refixistis, per vim et contra auspicia latas decrevistis, totius Italiae delectus excitastis, collegam et scelerum socium omnium hostem judicavistis. Cum hoc quae pax potest esse? Hostis si esset externus, [tamen] id ipsum vix talibus factis sed posset aliquo modo. Maria, montes, regionum magnitudines interessent: odisses eum quem non videres. Hi in oculis haerebunt, et quum licebit in faucibus; quibus enim septis tam immanes belluas continebimus ?-At incertus exitus belli-Est omnino fortium virorum, quales vos esse debetis, virtutem praestare -tantum enim possunt-fortunae culpam non extimescere. Sed quoniam ab hoc ordine non fortitudo solum, verum etiam sapientia

gravitate Pompeius] See Phil. ii. c. 10, and the note.

2. Censorino] See Phil. xi. c. 5.-' Ventidio' Phil. xii. c. 9.

Barbas Cassios] See Ad Att. xiii. 52. 'Eutrapelum: Volumnius. See Phil, ii. c. 8, and the note.

tertiae decuriae] See Phil. i. c. 8.beneficiis Caesaris:' see Phil. xi. c. 14,

and the note.

3. [tamen]] om. V.-'interessent:' if seas, mountains, huge extent of countries were between.-'odisses... videres:' Halm. The common text is 'odissetis... videretis.

belli] 'belli est' V bt; "belli est. Est' a g Orelli" (Halm), who has what is in the text. We may write 'belli est-Est,' making a pause after' belli est.'

postulatur quamquam vix videntur haec posse sejungi, sejungamus tamen-fortitudo dimicare jubet, justum odium incendit, ad confligendum impellit, vocat ad periculum. Quid sapientia? cautioribus utitur consiliis, in posterum providet, est omni ratione tectior. Quid igitur censet? parendum est enim, atque id optimum judicandum quod sit sapientissime constitutum. Si hoc praecipit ne quid vita existimem antiquius, ne decernam capitis periculo, fugiam omne discrimen, quaeram ex ea, etiamne si erit quum id fecero serviendum. Si annuerit, ne ego sapientiam istam quamvis sit erudita non audiam. Sin responderit: Tu vero ita vitam corpusque servato, ita fortunas, ita rem familiarem, ut haec libertate posteriora ducas, itaque his uti velis, si libera re publica possis, nec pro his libertatem, sed pro libertate haec projicias tamquam pignora injuriaetum sapientiae vocem audire videar, eique uti deo paream. Itaque si receptis illis possumus esse liberi, vincamus odium pacemque patiamur: sin otium incolumibus his esse nullum potest, laetemur decertandi oblatam esse fortunam. Aut enim interfectis illis fruemur victrice re publica, aut oppressi, quod omen avertat Jupiter, si non spiritu, at virtutis laude vivemus.

IV. At enim nos M. Lepidus, imperator iterum, pontifex maxi

tectior] Halm, 'rectior' b, 'protectior' V2 g.

si erit] Fuerit is the common reading, and the reading of a g t V2. Faernus altered the common reading to etiamne si erit;' and Muretus approved. b has 'si erit,' and Visierit.'

tamquam pignora injuriae] The words nec pro his... projicias' explain Cicero's meaning. A pignus' is something which a man receives from another to keep as a security for money lent, or it may be for any thing else. He who holds the 'pignus' cannot have his money back without giving up the pignus.' This is something like the case of a pledge,' not quite. You give up your liberty in order that you may keep your life and your property; but you had better give up life and property for the sake of liberty; though the individual who gives up his life will not get much advan. tage by recovering his liberty. Cicero says tamquam pignora injuriae,' as if he meant to say an improper use of pignus;' and it is. Your property is a pledge for your being ill treated. A tyrant knowing that you value your body and your property more than liberty, will take advantage of this, and will make you suffer what he pleases. Cicero says Pro Caelio, c. 32, "pignora voluntatis."

VOL. IV.

Cicero's talk is good, but his past life showed that he would not give up every thing to save liberty. However here, as on many other occasions, he tells us a great truth, which was never more true than it is now. So much does a nation love its quiet, its property, the power of making money and enjoying it, and so greatly has the amount of material enjoyment been increased in modern times, that a people will endure the most scandalous usurpation of power, and its most tyrannical exercise, rather than risk the loss of their property and their enjoyment, which are dearer to them than liberty, dearer even than life; for if the tyrant who imprisons and exiles were to plunder the humbled nation without mercy, his rule would soon end.

incolumibus his] V b g, 'iis' at Halm. 4. M. Lepidus] om. V Di. It is in the ed. Ven. 1474 (Halm).—' iterum :' "In manuscripto non est vox iterum et recte ut opinor: nam M. Lepidus in veteribus et lapidum et numismatum inscriptionibus, nunquam (quod sciam) Imp. iterum inscribitur" (F. Ursini). There are two letters of Lepidus (Ad Div. x. 34, 35) of the year B.C. 43, in which he styles himself Imp. iter. ;' one letter is to Cicero, and the other to the Senate and the Populus.

X X

mus, optime proximo civili bello de re publica meritus, ad pacem adhortatur. Nullius apud me, patres conscripti, auctoritas major est quam M. Lepidi, vel propter ipsius virtutem vel propter familiae dignitatem. Accedunt eodem multa privata magna ejus in me merita, mea quaedam officia in illum. Maximum vero ejus beneficium numero, quod hoc animo in rem publicam est, quae mihi vita mea semper fuit carior. Nam quum Magnum Pompeium, clarissimum adolescentem, praestantissimi viri filium, auctoritate adduxit ad pacem, remque publicam sine armis maximo civilis belli periculo liberavit, tum me ejus beneficio plus quam pro virili parte obligatum puto. Itaque et honores ei decrevi quos potui amplissimos, in quibus mihi vos estis assensi, nec umquam de illo et sperare optime et loqui destiti. Magnis et multis pignoribus M. Lepidum res publica illigatum tenet. Summa nobilitas est, omnes honores, amplissimum sacerdotium, plurima urbis ornamenta ipsius, fratris majorumque monumenta, probatissima uxor, optatissimi liberi, res familiaris quum ampla, tum casta a cruore civili. Nemo ab eo civis violatus, multi ejus beneficio et misericordia liberati. Talis igitur vir et civis opinione labi potest, voluntate a re publica dissidere nullo pacto potest. Pacem vult M. Lepidus. Praeclare; si talem potest efficere qualem nuper effecit, qua pace Cn. Pompeii filium res publica aspiciet suoque sinu complexuque recipiet, neque solum illum, sed cum illo se ipsam sibi restitutam putabit. Haec caussa fuit cur decerneretis statuam in rostris cum inscriptione praeclara,

Magnum Pompeium] See Phil. v. c. 14, and the note.- pro virili parte:' see Index, Vol. i. Virilis pars.'

honores ei decrevi] And he was not quite pleased with Lepidus. He says in a letter to Lepidus (Ad Div. x. 27): "Quod mihi pro summa erga te benevolentia magnae curae est ut quam amplissima dignitate sis, moleste tuli te senatui gratias non egisse, quum esses ab eo ordine ornatus summis honoribus."

ornamenta... fratris] This is M. Lepidus' brother L. Aemilius Paullus, who repaired the Basilica Fulvia, or Aemilia and Fulvia, as it is more properly called (Plutarch, Caesar, c. 29), and also built a new one (Cicero, Ad Att. iv. 16). (Becker, Handbuch, &c., Vol. i. p. 302.) There are some remarks in Drumann (Geschichte Roms, i. p. 5) on the name of this brother of M. Lepidus. He accepts Perizonius' conjecture that the father of Marcus and Lucius, who was consul in B.C. 78, called one of his sons Paullus, after the celebrated L. Aemilius Paullus, the con

queror of Perseus.-' probatissima uxor:' the wife of M. Lepidus was Junia, sister of M. Junius Brutus Tyrannoctonos.

Pacem vult M. Lepidus] In the letter to Lepidus (Ad Div. x. 27) Cicero says: "Pacis inter cives conciliandae te cupidum esse laetor. Eam si a servitute sejungis, consules et rei publicae et dignitati tuae: sin ista pax perditum hominem in possessionem impotentissimi dominatus restitutura est, hoc animo scito omnes [esse] sanos ut mortem servituti anteponant. Itaque sapientius meo quidem judicio facies, si te in istam pacificationem non interpones, quae neque senatui neque populo nec cuiquam bono probatur."

statuam in rostris] See Phil. v. c. 15, where the statue is mentioned, but the triumph is not. Cicero can hardly call this statue absenti triumphum.'—‘L. Aemilio:' Paullus, the conqueror of Perseus, the last king of Macedonia, B.C. 168.- Aemiliano Scipioni:' the Younger Africanus, as he is also called.