gressum aetatis exspectari non oportere. Itaque majores nostri, veteres illi admodum antiqui, leges annales non habebant, quas multis post annis attulit ambitio ut gradus essent petitionis inter aequales. Ita saepe magna indoles virtutis priusquam rei publicae prodesse potuisset exstincta est. At vero apud antiquos Rulli, Decii, Corvini, multique alii, recentiore autem memoria superior Africanus, T. Flamininus, admodum adolescentes consules facti tantas res gesserunt ut populi Romani imperium auxerint, nomen ornarint. Quid, Macedo Alexander, quum ab ineunte aetate res maximas gerere coepisset, nonne tertio et tricesimo anno mortem obiit? quae est aetas nostris legibus decem annis minor quam consularis. Ex quo judicari potest virtutis esse quam aetatis cursum celeriorem. XVIII. Nam quod ii qui Caesari invident simulant se timere, ne verendum quidem est, ut tenere se possit, ut moderari, ne honoribus nostris elatus intemperantius suis opibus utatur. Ea natura rerum est, patres conscripti, ut qui sensum verae gloriae ceperit, quique se ab senatu, ab equitibus populoque Romano universo senserit civem carum haberi salutaremque rei publicae, nihil cum hac gloria comparandum putet. Utinam C. Caesari, patri dico, contigisset adolescenti ut esset senatui atque optimo cuique carissimus; quod quum consequi neglexisset, omnem vim ingenii, quae summa fuit in illo, in populari levitate consumpsit. Itaque quum respectum ad senatum et ad bonos non haberet, eam sibi viam ipse patefecit ad opes suas amplificandas quam virtus liberi populi ferre non posset. Ejus autem filii longissime diversa ratio. est, qui quum omnibus est, tum optimo cuique carissimus. In hoc spes libertatis posita est, ab hoc accepta jam salus, huic summi honores et exquiruntur et parati sunt. Cujus igitur singularem prudentiam admiramur, ejus stultitiam timemus? Quid enim stultius quam inutilem potentiam, invidiosas opes, cupiditatem dominandi praecipitem et lubricam anteferre verae, gravi, solidae gloriae? An hoc vidit puer; si aetate processerit, non videbit ?—At est qui

Rulli] Q. Fabius Maximus Rullus commanded in the Second Samnite War. He was consul in B.C. 322, and as we learn from this passage he was elected at an early age. He was the great grandfather of Cunctator. The others who are here mentioned are some of Cicero's stock personges. The Superior Africanus is Africanus Major, and T. Quinctius Flamininus is the conqueror of King Philip of Macedonia.

Pro Quintio c. i., Cicero contrasts 'vereor' and 'metuo' (Vol. ii.). In Phil. xii. c. 12 he says: "Horum ego cogitationem non vereor; impetum pertimesco." Here we have a hint as to the common use of 'vereor,' which is an apprehension of men's opinion, judgment, and the like; as "sed unam rem vereor ne non probes " (Phil. ii. c. 14); "Etenim vereor ne aut celatum me illis ipsis non honestum, aut invitatum refugisse mihi sit turpissimum” (Phil. ii. c. In 13).

18. timere, ne verendum quidem est] 'Vereri' then is less than 'timere.'

busdam inimicus clarissimis atque optimis civibus.-Nullus iste timor esse debet. Omnes Caesar inimicitias rei publicae condonavit: hanc sibi judicem constituit, hanc moderatricem omnium atque factorum. Ita enim ad rem publicam accessit ut eam confirmaret, non ut everteret. Omnes habeo cognitos sensus adolescentis. Nihil est illi re publica carius, nihil vestra auctoritate gravius, nihil bonorum virorum judicio optatius, nihil vera gloria dulcius. Quamobrem ab eo non modo nihil timere, sed majora et meliora exspectare debetis; neque in eo qui ad D. Brutum obsidione liberandum profectus sit timere, ne memoria maneat domestici doloris, quae plus apud eum possit quam salus civitatis. Audebo etiam obligare fidem meam, patres conscripti, vobis populoque Romano reique publicae, quod profecto, quum me nulla vis cogeret, facere non auderem, pertimesceremque in re maxima periculosam opinionem temeritatis; promitto, recipio, spondeo, patres conscripti, C. Caesarem talem semper fore civem qualis hodie sit qualemque eum maxime esse velle et optare debemus.

XIX. Quae quum ita sint, de Caesare satis hoc tempore dictum habebo. Nec vero de L. Egnatuleio, fortissimo et constantissimo cive amicissimoque rei publicae, silendum arbitror, sed tribuendum testimonium virtutis egregiae, quod is legionem Quartam ad Caesarem adduxerit, quae praesidio consulibus, senatui populoque Romano reique publicae esset: ob eam caussam placere uti L. Egnatuleio triennium ante legitimum tempus magistratus petere, capere, gerere liceat. In quo, patres conscripti, non tantum commodum tribuitur L. Egnatuleio quantus honos; in tali enim re satis est nominari.

Omnes habeo cognitos] We have no reason for thinking that Cicero was not sincere when he said of young Caesar all that he says in this chapter. He must have seen, he who saw clearly enough into the future, that, unless Antonius were put down, he must perish himself. The duplicity of Caesar was more than Cicero was a match for, but I think that the heat of his passion against Antonius, and fear for his personal safety, made him ready to believe what he wished, and so his judgment was blinded.

domestici doloris], The Dictator's murder. obligare fidem :' to pledge his credit,

De exercitu autem C. Caesaris ita censeo decernendum: Senatui placere, militibus veteranis, qui Caesaris pontificis ***** auctoritatemque hujus ordinis defenderint [atque] defendant, iis liberisque eorum militiae vacationem esse, utique C. Pansa A. Hirtius consules, alter ambove, si eis videretur, cognoscerent qui ager iis coloniis esset, quo milites veterani deducti essent, qui contra legem Juliam possideretur, ut is militibus veteranis divideretur; de agro Campano separatim cognoscerent, inirentque rationem de commodis militum veteranorum augendis, legionique Martiae et legioni Quartae et iis militibus qui de legione Secunda, Tricesima Quinta ad C. Pansam A. Hirtium consules venissent suaque nomina dedissent, quod iis auctoritas senatus populique Romani libertas carissima sit et fuerit, vacationem militiae ipsis liberisque eorum esse placere extra tumultum Gallicum Italicumque; easque legiones bello confecto missas fieri placere; quantamque pecuniam militibus earum legionum in singulos C. Caesar, pontifex, pro praetore, pollicitus sit, tantam dari placere; utique C. Pansa A. Hirtius consules, alter ambove, si eis videretur, rationem agri haberent qui sine injuria privatorum dividi posset; iisque militibus, legioni Martiae et legioni Quartae ita darent assignarent, ut quibus militibus amplissime dati assignati essent.-Dixi ad ea omnia, consules, de quibus rettulistis; quae si erunt sine mora matureque decreta, facilius apparabitis ea quae tempus et necessitas flagitat. Celeritate autem opus est, qua si essemus usi, bellum, ut saepe dixi, nullum haberemus.

Caesaris pontificis] Something is lost here. Manutius suggested voluntatem secuti sint.' Garatoni added and Halm has put it in his text in Italics: "auctoritatem secuti libertatem populi Romani," from Phil. iii. c. 15.

[atque]] Ernesti erased 'atque;' and it ought not to be in, if Cicero followed the Roman formula used in such cases.-'militiae vacationem :' a passage a little further on shows that something is lost here, or we must limit the generality of these terms by what comes after: 'extra tumultum Gallicum Italicumque.'

letter to Cicero (Ad Div. x. 30, 3), where we have 'legionem xxxv.' Some of this legion had deserted Antonius. Cicero says (Phil. iii. c. 12), to which Manutius refers, "In Galliam mutilatum ducit exercitum." But Antonius still had the greater part of the Tricesima Quinta, as Galba's letter shows.

alter ambove, si eis videretur] ‘a. a. ueseu' V.; on which Ursini says: "Quum in libro Vaticano a. a. seu rationem, &c. scriptum reperissem, facile intellexi senatusconsulti formulam significari, quae totidem literis interpunctionis nota distinctis, in vetere apud me senatusconsulto in aenea tabula expressa est hoc modo A. A. S. E. V., hoc est, alter ambove si eis videretur." In the first instance where this formula occurs in this chapter Halm gives the reading of V' thus: 'aa. uesieu,' and in the second, a. a. ueseu.' There is no doubt that Ursini has explained it right. haberent

si eis videretur] or S. E. V., as this formula is abbreviated in some editions.-' qui contra legem Juliam possideretur:' "ab iis quibus Antonius postea dedisset" (Manutius). Tricesima Quinta :''xxxv' V i. Muretus (In Ciceronis Phil. Scholia, p. 998) says that these 'notae mean triginta quinque milites,' not ' tricesima posset] Schuetz, Halm. quinta legio.' But Halm refers to Galba's V has habent... possit.'

...

INTRODUCTION TO THE SIXTH PHILIPPIC.

THIS address to the people was delivered on the 4th of January, B.C. 43. Cicero's proposal made in the Fifth Philippic to declare Antonius an enemy was not accepted by the senate; but it was decreed: That a statue should be erected in honour of Caesar, that he should be a senator with the rank of quaestor, and that he might be a candidate for the other magistracies ten years before the usual time, and that he should be repaid out of the Aerarium the money which he had given to his soldiers, because, though he had enlisted them himself, he had done it on behalf of the state; that both these soldiers and those who had deserted from Antonius should be free from serving in any other war, and that lands should immediately be granted to them. They also sent ambassadors to Antonius to order him to give up his troops, to leave Gallia, and to retire to Macedonia; and to give his soldiers notice to retire within a limited time, or they would be treated as enemies. The senate also determined to deprive the senators of the provincial governments which they had received from Antonius, and to send others in their place (Dion 46, c. 29). Appian (B. C. iii. c. 50) says that the debate in the senate on the 1st of January was continued to a late hour at night; that the senate met again early the next day, and that Antonius would have been declared an enemy to the state if the tribune Salvius had not adjourned the debate to the next day, the 3rd of January. The senate however voted the rest of Cicero's proposal made in his Fifth Philippic, as to the honours of Caesar and the other matters. The senate met again on the 4th. On the previous night Antonius' wife and mother with his young son had gone round to the principal senators to solicit for Antonius; and on the morning of the 4th they presented themselves in black to the senators as they were going to the senate, and endeavoured to move their compassion. On this day Cicero spoke again in the senate, and again urged that Antonius should be declared an enemy. Piso spoke against Cicero's motion, and prevailed on the senate to reject it (Appian, B. C. iii. c. 61). The senate voted that Macedonia should be given to Antonius instead of Gallia; and this was consistent with what had been done before, for Piso said (c. 55), that the senate had voted Gallia to Antonius and the people had confirmed the vote, when Cicero himself was present. He added that it was also

stated in the Lex, that Antonius should take possession of the province which had been given to him, and should make war on Decimus Brutus if he did not give up Gallia to him. He went on to say that Cicero would not consider Decimus as an enemy to the state, though he was in arms contrary to the law, and yet he proposed to consider Antonius as an enemy who was acting according to the law.

After voting that Antonius should have Macedonia instead of Gallia, "either through carelessness or purposely, the senate empowered Cicero to draw up the instructions for the ambassadors to Antonius. But Cicero, making some alteration, drew them up in these terms: That Antonius must immediately retire from Mutina, and give up Gallia to Decimus; that he must withdraw south of the Rubicon, the boundary of Italy and Gallia, within a certain day, and submit entirely to the senate. Thus passionately and falsely Cicero drew. up the instructions, not so much from his great enmity, but, as it seems, because the daemon was stirring up public matters to a change, and plotting mischief against Cicero" (Appian, B. C. iii. 61; and compare Phil. vi. c. 3). We must take this as we receive it. We cannot tell whether it is the truth or not. We may have our own opinion about the daemon's share in the business. It seems that Cicero addressed the people on the 4th of January, after the determination of the senate to send ambassadors to Antonius.