XV. Populi quidem Romani judicia multa ambo habetis, quibus vos non satis moveri permoleste fero. Quid enim gladiatoribus clamores innumerabilium civium, quid populi versus, quid Pompeii statuae plausus infiniti? quid duobus tribunis plebis, qui vobis adversantur? parumne haec significant incredibiliter consentientem populi Romani universi voluntatem? Quid, Apollinarium ludorum plausus, vel testimonia potius et judicia populi Romani parum magna vobis videbantur? O beatos illos qui, quum adesse ipsis propter vim armorum non licebat, aderant tamen et in medullis populi Romani ac visceribus haerebant. Nisi forte Accio tum plaudi et sexagesimo post anno palmam dari non Bruto putabatis, qui ludis suis ita caruit ut in illo apparatissimo spectaculo studium populus Romanus tribueret absenti, desiderium liberatoris sui perpetuo plausu et clamore leniret.

Equidem is sum qui istos plausus, quum popularibus civibus tribuerentur, semper contempserim; idemque quum a summis, mediis, infimis, quum denique ab universis hoc idem fit, quumque ii qui ante sequi populi consensum solebant fugiunt, non plausum illum, sed judicium puto. Sin haec leviora vobis videntur, quae sunt gravissima, num etiam hoc contemnitis quod sensistis, tam caram populo Romano vitam A. Hirtii fuisse ? Satis erat enim

probatum illum esse populo Romano, ut est, jucundum amicis, in quo vincit omnes, carum suis, quibus est ipse carissimus; tantam tamen sollicitudinem bonorum, tantum timorem omnium in quo meminimus? Certe in nullo.

15. gladiatoribus] 'at the gladiators' fights. The 'populi versus' are popular verses, satirical lines on Antonius, or it may be verses in praise of the murderers, as Halm suggests.-'duobus tribunis:' as Faernus interprets the readingu. T. R. P.' in V., u' representing either'ii' or 'II.' Ferrarius and Muretus read 'iis tribunis,' and that may be right; for 'a' has 'his.' Abrami supposes that Ti. Canutius was one of the tribunes, for Velleius (ii. 64) says that he was lacerating Antonius with canine madness at the time during which Cicero was making his harangues against Antonius. Halm suggests that the other was L. Cassius, the brother of C. Cassius (see Phil. iii. c. 9; Ad Div. xii. 2).

Apollinarium] See Introd. The Tereus of Attius or Accius was acted at these Ludi (Ad Att. xvi. 2 and 5). Here we are told that the people showed the greatest affection for these absent heroes, who absent were present, and as he says with

exceedingly bad taste, 'were firmly fixed in the marrow and the bowels of the Roman people.' We must conclude from this, if it were true, that the popular opinion was with the liberators, but there is no evidence of that in the letter to Atticus in which Cicero speaks of the Ludi (xvi. 2).

popularibus] V. D. 'a popularibus' i, and many editions have the 'a.' Abrami proposed to omit it. Cicero means 'applause given to Populares,' the meaning of which word has been explained (Index, Vol. i. Populares').-' quumque ii . . . fugiunt:' the Populares again. This applause at the Apollinares meant something at a time when those who used to seek for it now avoid it, for fear of hearing the expression of popular disapprobation; or hearing it given to the honest, as Manutius says.

vitam A. Hirti] One of the consuls of B.C. 43. His health was bad, and this caused anxiety (Phil. vii. c. 4).

Quid igitur hoc vos, per deos immortales, quale sit non interpretamini? Quid, eos de vestra vita cogitare non censetis, quibus eorum, quos sperant rei publicae consulturos, vita tam cara sit? Cepi fructum, patres conscripti, reversionis meae, quoniam et ea dixi, ut, quicumque casus consecutus esset, exstaret constantiae meae testimonium, et sum a vobis benigne ac diligenter auditus. Quae potestas si mihi saepius sine meo vestroque periculo fiet, utar: si minus, quantum potero, non tam mihi me quam rei publicae reservabo. Mihi fere satis est quod vixi vel ad aetatem vel ad gloriam : huc si quid accesserit, non tam mihi quam vobis reique publicae accesserit.

non interpretamini] Addressed to Antonius and Dolabella: Don't you see what this means?'-' non censetis:' V. 'What? don't you suppose that people think about your way of living, when they hold so dear

the lives of those whom they expect to do service to the State?' This means: When the people show their affection to Hirtius, don't you see that they express their aversion to you?'

INTRODUCTION TO THE SECOND PHILIPPIC.

CICERO's first Philippic was delivered on the 2nd of September (Introd. to the Phils.); and it broke off all hopes of a reconciliation between him and Antonius, who retired to his villa at Tibur to prepare an answer. On the 19th of September he appeared in the senate and replied to Cicero, who was not present, as he tells us (Phil. iii. c. 13; v. c. 7; Ad Div. xii. 2). This second Philippic however is written as if it were an answer to Antonius, and delivered on the 19th of September. But it was only a written speech, and it was not published. Some critics have supposed that Cicero alludes to this oration Ad Att. xv. 13: "orationem tibi misi. Ejus custodiendae et proferendae arbitrium tuum. Sed quando illum diem, quum tu edendum putes ?" But this letter was written before the first Philippic was delivered, and the oration to which he alludes is one which Atticus wished him to write on the same subject as Brutus' Capitoline speech (Ad Att. xv. 3 and 4). The following words allude to this oration (Ad Att. xvi. 11): "Atque utinam illum diem videam quum ista oratio ita libere vagetur ut etiam in Siccae domum introeat," and there are other allusions in it.

Cicero in the first part of this oration answers the charges of Antonius, and then (c. 18) he begins his attack, which is a review of all the life of Antonius, a piece of abuse which it would be hard to match, and Antonius could not forgive it, whether it was true or false. I do not know if there is any evidence that Antonius ever saw this speech, but he may have had a copy sent him by some kind friend. It is generally assumed that this oration was the cause of Cicero being included in the proscription of the next year (B.c. 43); but there was ground enough in his other Philippics and his conduct in the senate for Antonius getting rid of him. Octavianus Caesar too, who had flattered and deceived Cicero for a time, had the Dictator's death to revenge; and it is no wonder if he would not spare a man who was his great uncle's bitterest enemy, and an obstacle to his own ambitious designs.

There is no great difficulty in this oration. It contains many allusions to the events which preceded and followed Caesar's death, but the general Introduction and the notes are sufficient to make it easily understood.

ORATIONUM PHILIPPICARUM

LIBER SECUNDUS.

I. Quonam meo fato, patres conscripti, fieri dicam, ut nemo his annis viginti rei publicae fuerit hostis, qui non bellum eodem tempore mihi quoque indixerit? Nec vero necesse est a me quemquam nominari: vobiscum ipsi recordamini. Mihi poenarum illi plus quam optarem dederunt; te miror, Antoni, quorum facta imitere, eorum exitus non perhorrescere. Atque hoc in aliis minus mirabar. Nemo enim illorum inimicus mihi fuit voluntarius: omnes a me rei publicae caussa lacessiti. Tu ne verbo quidem violatus ut audacior quam [L.] Catilina, furiosior quam [P.] Clodius viderere, ultro me maledictis lacessisti, tuamque a me alienationem commendationem tibi ad impios cives fore putavisti. Quid putem? contemptumne me? Non video nec in vita nec in gratia nec in rebus gestis nec in hac mea mediocritate ingenii, quid despicere possit Antonius. An in senatu facillime de me detrahi posse credidit? qui ordo clarissimis civibus bene gestae rei publicae testimonium multis, mihi uni conservatae dedit. An decertare mecum voluit contentione dicendi? Hoc quidem est beneficium. Quid enim plenius, quid uberius, quam mihi et pro me et contra Antonium dicere? Illud profecto [est]: non existimavit sui similibus probari posse se esse hostem patriae, nisi mihi esset inimicus. Cui prius quam de ceteris

1. his annis] See Phil. i. c. 13; ii. c. 46; and xii. c. 10. Twenty years, if we reckon from BC. 63 included, to B.C. 44 included, which mode of reckoning was usual (In Cat. i. c. 2, and the note).illi: Catilina and his crew, and P. Clodius.-'optarem:' Madvig would accept Heumann's suggestion, optaram' (Halm); which would spoil the meaning. Halm compares Pro Sestio, c. 38, "paullo citius

4

rebus respondeo, de amicitia, quam a me violatam esse criminatus est, quod ego gravissimum crimen judico, pauca dicam.

II. Contra rem suam me nescio quando venisse questus est. An ego non venirem contra alienum pro familiari et necessario [meo] ? non venirem contra gratiam, non virtutis spe, sed aetatis flore collectam? non venirem contra injuriam, quam iste intercessoris iniquissimi beneficio obtinuit, non jure praetorio? Sed hoc idcirco commemoratum a te puto, ut te infimo ordini commendares, quum omnes recordarentur libertini generum, et liberos tuos nepotes Q. Fadii libertini hominis fuisse. At enim te in disciplinam meam tradideras, nam ita dixisti; domum meam ventitaras. Ne tu, si id fecisses, melius famae, melius pudicitiae tuae consuluisses. Sed neque fecisti, nec si cuperes tibi id per C. Curionem facere licuisset. Auguratus petitionem mihi te concessisse dixisti. O incredibilem audaciam, o impudentiam praedicandam! Quo enim tempore me augurem a toto collegio expetitum Cn. Pompeius et Q. Hortensius nominaverunt, neque enim licebat a pluribus nominari, tu nec solvendo eras, nec te ullo modo nisi eversa re publica fore incolumem putabas. Poteras autem eo tempore auguratum petere, quum in Italia Curio non esset? aut tum, quum es factus, unam tribum sine Curione ferre potuisses? cujus etiam familiares de vi condemnati sunt, quod tui nimis studiosi fuissent. III. At beneficio sum tuo usus. Quo? quamquam illud ipsum, quod comme

2. Contra... venisse] Cicero had opposed Antonius in some matter or suit in which Antonius was interested (contra rem suam), but not directly. 'Contra aliquem venire' means to oppose another, in a matter which directly concerns a man; and it is sometimes used absolutely (Verr. ii. 2, c. 43, and the note). Nothing is known of the matter to which Cicero alludes. The 'familiaris' is supposed to be Sicca (Ad Att. xvi. 11, § 1).—' aetatis flore:' a foul allusion.

injuriam... obtinuit] Iste' is Antonius, who got (obtinuit) something which he was not entitled to, something which was a wrong to the other side, and with the help of an intercessor,' which may mean a tribune.

infimo ordini] Libertini, for they were called an Ordo, like the Scribae (Verr. ii. 3, c. 79).-'omnes te:' Halm.

liberos... Fadii] See Introd.-'At enim he mentions another charge or complaint of Antonius, who said that he had been a hearer of Cicero, had frequented his house, to learn from him; after Roman

fashion (Pro Caelio, c. 4, and the note).

C. Curionem] See Introd. and c. 18.augurem:' Cicero was elected in B.c. 53, in place of M. Crassus. See De Leg. Agr. ii. c. 7, and the note; and Phil. xiii. c. 5. In the speech which Dion (46, c. 22) makes Calenus deliver against Cicero, it is said that Cicero was indebted to Antonius for his augurship; but this fustian oration is no authority for any thing.-incolumem:''get out of debt.' See Pro Sestio, c. 8, and the note.

Curio] He was Quaestor or Proquaestor in Asia, and there are letters of Cicero to him written at that time (Ad Div. lib. ii. 1-6).

sine Curione] See Introd. Curio was tr. pl. in B.c. 50. There is a letter of Cicero to Curio, in which he congratulates Curio on his election (Ad Div. ii. 7). There is a passage in the Gallic War (B. G. viii. 50) about Antonius' augurship (B.c. 50).'cujus etiam' &c.: this is evidence of his assertion: some of the intimates of Curio were tried De vi, for violent proceedings at the election.