volorum sermunculis haec ab istis esse collecta? Blesamius tyrannum Caesarem scriberet? Multorum enim capita civium viderat ; multos jussu Catsaris vexatos, verberatos, necatos; multas afflictas et eversas domos; armatis militibus refertum forum. Quae semper in civili victoria sensimus, ea te victore non vidimus. Solus, inquam, es, C. Caesar, cujus in victoria ceciderit nemo nisi armatus. Et quem nos liberi, in summa [populi Romani] libertate nati, non modo non tyrannum, sed etiam clementissimum in victoria ducem vidimus, is Blesamio, qui vivit in regno, tyrannus videri potest? Nam de statua quis queritur, una praesertim, quum tam multas videat? Valde enim invidendum est ejus statuis, cujus tropaeis non invidimus. Nam si locus affert invidiam, nullus locus est ad statuam quidem rostris clarior. De plausu autem quid respondeam? qui nec desideratus umquam a te est, et nonnumquam obstupefactis hominibus ipsa admiratione compressus est, et fortasse eo praetermissus, quia nihil vulgare te dignum videri potest.

XIII. Nihil a me arbitror praetermissum, sed aliquid ad extremam caussae partem reservatum. Id autem aliquid est, te ut plane Deiotaro reconciliet oratio mea. Non enim jam metuo ne tu illi succenseas; illud vereor ne tibi illum succensere aliquid sus

and the Circus. See Pro Sestio, c. 54, and for the unpopularity arose not from the the note; and In Pis. c. 27.

scriberet?] Of course Blesamius could not have written such a falsehood. But after Caesar's death Cicero wrote it, and the writing remains (Ad Att. xiv. 6).

Cicero says ironically Multorum enim,' &c., enim being used here as scilicet' is sometimes used. The 'capita,' says Patricius, are heads without bodies; but Cicero means heads fixed on the Rostra and in public places, which Rome had seen once, and saw again shortly after, and Cicero's head among others (De Orat. iii. c. 3; Paterculus, ii. 19; Plutarch, Marius, c. 34, 35, and Sulla, c. 10).

Nam de statua] For as to the statue;' he passes lightly over this with a 'Nam' (Pro Archia, c. 10, and the note). He saysWho complains of a statue when there are so many?' A statue is not so much as a trophy. Then he comes to the real matter: Now if it is the place where the statue is fixed that is complained of, there is no place for a statue more conspicuous than the Rostra ;' and Caesar's was in the Capitol. Abrami remarks that Cicero eludes rather than answers the objection per fallaciam, ut loquimur, accidentis;"

statue being in a conspicuous place, but because it was 'inter reges;' and Caesar had also two statues on the Rostra (Dion, 44, c. 4).

De plausu] It seems as if Cicero admitted that there was not much applause, that Caesar in fact was looked on as a usurper, or was not popular. The reason that Cicero gives for there being no applause is a piece of the meanest and silliest flattery that ever came from a man, even from him. It is in the style of the adula tion paid to James I., whom Bacon places above Caesar and M. Antoninus "in all literature and erudition, divine and human."

But Cicero made amends by what he said of Caesar after his death (Phil. ii. c. 32) and elsewhere.

13. praetermissum] 'praeteritum' Halm. 'ad extremum caussae' is the reading of the MSS., as they are quoted, except one. Halm has this reading (ed. 1853), but in the later edition of Orelli he has the reading which is in the text.

Id autem aliquid] Id aliquid' is an expression of Terence, and ‘is aliquis' occurs in the Pro Ligario, c. 7. Halm writes, contrary to the MSS., Id autem quid est? te ut' &c.

picere. Quod abest longissime, mihi crede, Caesar. Quid enim retineat per te meminit, non quid amiserit; neque se a te mulctatum arbitratur, sed, quum existimares multis tibi multa esse tribuenda, quo minus a se, qui in altera parte fuisset, ea sumeres non recusavit. Etenim si Antiochus Magnus ille, rex Asiae, quum, posteaquam a L. Scipione devictus Tauro tenus regnare jussus esset omnemque hanc Asiam, quae est nunc nostra provincia, amisisset, dicere est solitus benigne sibi a populo Romano esse factum, quod nimis magna procuratione liberatus modicis regni terminis uteretur, potest multo facilius se Deiotarus consolari. Ille enim furoris mulctam sustinuerat, hic erroris. Omnia tu Deiotaro, Caesar, tribuisti, quum et ipsi et filio nomen regium concessisti. Hoc nomine retento atque conservato, nullum beneficium populi Romani, nullum judicium de se senatus imminutum putat. Magno animo et erecto est, nec umquam succumbet inimicis, ne fortunae quidem. Multa se arbitratur et peperisse ante factis et habere in animo atque virtute, quae nullo modo possit amittere. Quae enim fortuna, aut quis casus, aut quae tanta possit injuria omnium imperatorum de Deiotaro decreta delere? Ab omnibus enim est ornatus, qui, posteaquam in castris esse potuit per aetatem, in Asia, Cappadocia, Ponto, Cilicia, Syria bella gesserunt; senatus vero judicia de illo tam multa tamque honorifica, quae publicis populi Romani litteris monumentisque consignata sunt, quae umquam vetustas obruet aut

multis...multa] Like all usurpers Caesar had many claims upon him from those who had helped him; so many claims that he was compelled to pay with other people's property. After all he could not satisfy the greedy sycophants about him, and they killed him. Mithridates of Pergamum was paid for his services with part of Deiotarus' possessions; and the orator would have us believe that the old Gallo-Greek was well content with this; content perhaps to keep something instead of losing all, as he expected. There is a reading 'existimaret' instead of existimares.'

Tauro tenus] Pro Sestio, c. 27, and the note. How consolatory for Deiotarus, if Antiochus said this! And if he said it, which we may doubt, how sincere he was and thankful for being relieved of so much trouble! as thankful as Deiotarus was for Caesar's care in easing him of his possessions. Asiam:' see Vol. ii. Excursus, Asia.'

sustinuerat] There is also a reading

'subierat,' and Coloniensis Gulielmi has 'sustulerat,' which Halm accepts, referring after Madvig to Cicero, De Nat. Deor. iii. c. 33.

'po

conservato] 'servato,' Halm. puli Romani:' Manutius thought that these words are out of place. Halm says that we must not be surprised at them, though Cicero is speaking of Senatusconsulta, for the senate was 'consilium publicum populi Romani.' -'docti atque sapientes:' these are philosophers, and their wisdom is doctrina' or sapientia.' The Peripatetics made virtue the summa bona' and the Stoics the 'sola.' Deiotarus night and day thinking of these fine maxims, he the commercial man, the agriculturist, the flock-master, the moneymaking cunning fellow, who had aggrandized himself in Galatia at the expense of others, and who was now afraid that Caesar would mulct him again,-could the Dictator hear all this and hold his countenance ?

quae tanta delebit oblivio? Quid de virtute ejus dicam, de magnitudine animi, gravitate, constantia? quae omnes docti atque sapientes summa, quidam etiam sola bona esse dixerunt, hisque non modo ad bene, sed etiam ad beate vivendum contentam esse virtutem. Haec ille reputans et dies noctesque cogitans non modo tibi non succenset-esset enim non solum ingratus, sed etiam amens—verum omnem tranquillitatem et quietem senectutis acceptam refert clementiae tuae. XIV. Quo quidem animo quum antea fuit, tum non dubito quin tuis litteris, quarum exemplum legi, quas ad eum Tarracone huic Blesamio dedisti, se magis etiam erexerit ab omnique sollicitudine abstraxerit. Jubes enim eum bene sperare et bono esse animo; quod scio te non frustra scribere. Memini enim iisdem fere verbis ad me te scribere meque tuis litteris bene sperare non frustra esse jussum. Laboro equidem regis Deiotari caussa, quocum mihi amicitiam res publica conciliavit, hospitium voluntas utriusque conjunxit, familiaritatem consuetudo attulit, summam vero necessitudinem magna ejus officia in me et in exercitum meum effecerunt: sed quum de illo laboro, tum de multis amplissimis viris, quibus semel ignotum a te esse oportet, nec beneficium tuum in dubium vocari, nec haerere in animis hominum sollicitudinem sempiternam, nec accidere ut quisquam te timere incipiat eorum qui sint semel a te liberati timore. Non debeo, C. Caesar, quod fieri solet in tantis periculis, tentare quonam modo dicendo misericordiam tuam commovere possim. Nihil opus est. Occurrere solet ipsa supplicibus et calamitosis, nullius oratione evocata. Propone tibi duos reges, et id animo contemplare quod oculis non potes. Dabis profecto id misericordiae, quod iracundiae denegasti. Multa sunt monumenta clementiae tuae, sed maxime eorum incolumitates quibus salutem dedisti. Quae si in privatis gloriosa sunt, multo magis commemorabuntur in regibus. Semper regium nomen in hac civitate sanctum fuit; sociorum vero regum et amicorum sanctissimum. XV. Quod nomen hi reges ne amitterent te victore timuerunt,

retentum vero et a te confirmatum posteris etiam suis tradituros esse confido. Corpora [vero] sua pro salute regum suorum hi legati tibi regii tradunt, Hieras et Blesamius et Antigonus, tibi nobisque omnibus jam diu noti, eademque fide et virtute praeditus Dorylaus, qui nuper cum Hiera legatus est ad te missus, quum regum amicissimi, tum tibi etiam, ut spero, probati. Exquire de Blesamio, numquid ad regem contra dignitatem tuam scripserit. Hieras quidem caussam omnem suscipit, et criminibus illis pro rege se supponit reum : memoriam tuam implorat qua vales plurimum; negat umquam se a te in Deiotari tetrarchia pedem discessisse in primis finibus tibi se praesto fuisse dicit, usque ad ultimos prosecutum: quum e balneo exisses, tecum se fuisse, quum illa munera inspexisses caenatus, quum in cubiculo recubuisses; eandemque assiduitatem tibi se praebuisse postridie. Quamobrem si quid eorum, quae objecta sunt, cogitatum sit, non recusat quin id suum facinus judices. Quocirca, C. Caesar, velim existimes hodierno die sententiam tuam aut cum summo dedecore miserrimam pestem importaturam esse regibus aut incolumem famam cum salute; quorum alterum optare illorum crudelitatis est; alterum conservare clementiae tuae.

INTRODUCTION

ΤΟ

THE PHILIPPICAE.

CICERO'S extant orations furnish materials for his own life and the history of his times, and the collection of his letters furnishes much more. In B.C. 75 Cicero was Quaestor in the western division of Sicily; and according to Roman usage, this office qualified a man for admission to the senate. Though Cicero, both by inclination and policy, was favourable to the Optimates or aristocratical party, he did not neglect to cultivate his interest with the people. The trial of Verres (B.c. 70) for maladministration in the government of Sicily was the first occasion on which Cicero appeared as a public prosecutor. In this year he was also a candidate for the curule aedileship, which he obtained. The prosecution of Verres was a favourable opportunity to Cicero for gaining popu larity and preparing his way to the higher offices in the state. While he was praetor, in B.C. 66, he attached himself firmly to the aristocratical party, at the head of which was Cn. Pompeius; and on the occasion of the tribune C. Manilius proposing to give Pompeius extraordinary powers for ending the war against Mithridates, Cicero supported the proposal in a speech which is extant (De Imperio Cn. Pompeii, Vol. ii.). This, his first address to the people from the Rostra on political matters, is an extravagant declamation in praise of Pompeius, then the victorious general of Rome and the idol of the Roman people.

Instead of taking the government of a province in the year after his praetorship, which was the usual practice, Cicero stayed at Rome to prepare the way for the attainment of the great object of his ambition, the consulship. Though he had shown his readiness to join the Optimates, the pride of the great families of Rome could not be reconciled to the elevation of a man who came from an Italian municipium, and had no recommendation except his talents and his industry. But in