DANTIA, VBERTAS and the like are inscribed, it is probable that the dates of many ancient famines and many accompanying epidemics may be accurately ascertained. Scholars are now recognizing more and more clearly that much that has formerly been considered arbitrary, accidental, or unintelligible in classical numismatics in reality chronicles the most ordinary and prosaic, though important, events in history. I own many of these ancient medals of starvation, and have notes of others, but am precluded from saying more about them for want of space. II. MODERN FAMINES. These medals and tokens have been given with such accuracy and tireless research by Pfeiffer and Ruland in their "Pestilentia in Nummis," to both editions of which work I have already referred, that I will attempt to do little save briefly to indicate what they have described, and to record such pieces as seem to have escaped their notice. It is only to be regretted that, in the numerical registration adopted in their edition of 1882, running references were not given to the less complete enumeration in the previous edition of 1880. There are three individuals whose medals should be mentioned in this connection. A. GERMANY. Dr. Rudolph Virchow of Berlin (1821- ), who was sent by the Bavarian Government in 1852 to investigate the causes of a famine then existing. 401. Obverse. Bust, bearded, to left. Beneath, Prof. G. Dupré Dir. L. Gori inc. Inscription: A Rodolfo Virchow di Berlino. Reverse. Within a laurel wreath, Dalla | Patria di Morgagni | I Medici Italiani MDCCCLXXIII. Bronze. Rüppell, Beiträge, etc., 1876, p. 54. Professor Virchow will be again mentioned in Sections X., Typhoid, Leprosy, and Syphilis; and XI., Military Hygiene. His medal is not mentioned by P. and R. Frau Elizabetha Kraussin of Nuremberg (1569-1639), a general benefactress of her city. The "bread" commemorated may perhaps in part have been used in its metaphorical sense. 402. Inscription: Avxiliatrix Ervditionis Et Consolatrix Pavpertatis. Brich Dem Hvngrigen Dein Brodt. Iesa 58 | v. 7. Gaetani, ii., p. 21, pl. cv., No. 3. 403. 1739. Inscription: Das Gedächtniss Des Gerechten Bleibt In Segen. (Solomon's She Schulze, Deutsche Spruchweisheit Münzen, Medaillen, der etc. (Archiv für das 11 188geren Sprache, Bd. lvi., Heft 1, p. 77.) MAY Upon the hundredth anniversary of the Kraussin Institute at Nuremberg. RARY ASS 404. 1790. Upon the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the same. Ibid., p. 79. These are all unmentioned by P. and R. B. RUSSIA. Graf Nicolaus Petrowitsch Scheremetjeff, to commemorate his success in subduing a famine and its accompanying epidemic of the plague. 405. Obverse. Military bust, to left, with decoration. Beneath, C. Leberecht Eques F. In Russian, the Graf's full name. Reverse. Hygeia extending a cluster of wheat ears and a palm branch to a woman seated, with a child at her feet. On her left arm a serpent, drinking from the chalice which she extends to a sick person. Above (in Russian), Compassion. Exergue (in Russian): From the imperial Senate, 1804. Upon its ridge, Leberecht. Bronze. Rüppell, 1876, p. 18. Unmentioned by P. and R. 50. The following are the minor famine issues. A. ITALY. This country is placed first in sequence, because its earliest issue of the kind (1505) antedates all others. 1. Milan. 406. Obverse. Inscription: Io | L. Arese Mt. 2. | Riso (Two measures of rice.) Reverse. The four Sts. Mary, with halos, and hands folded upon the breast. Neumann, No. 35,561. Unknown to Pfeiffer and Ruland. 407. Obverse. 1710 | Pane (bread) | M. Q. (Marie quattro, the four Marys.) Unknown to Pfeiffer and Ruland. 409. Obverse. Pane (bread) | De | L. P. Reverse. A capital M (signifying, with the initials upon the obverse, the Logo Pio della Misericordia). Ibid., No. 35,566. Unknown to Pfeiffer and Ruland. 410. Obverse as preceding. Reverse. A capital C (signifying, with the initials upon the obverse, the Logo Pio della Santa Corona). Ibid., No. 35.567. Unknown to Pfeiffer and Ruland. 411. Obverse. . Pane. E. | Riso. Del. P. L | De. S. S. Rocco E. Vittore (the Logo Pio of Sts. Roque and Victor). Ibid., No. 35,568. Unknown to Pfeiffer and Ruland. The above, and still others that might be cited, though eventually merely charity tokens from religious houses, redeemable upon presentation, were at first issued in times of famine. 2. Parma. 412. 1591. Obverse. Head of the duke, to left. Inscription: Al F. (Alessandro Farnese) Spec-vlator. Reverse. II | P. Pfeiffer and Ruland, p. 21, No. 28. 413. Obverse and reverse. Ibid., No. 29. Head of the duke, to left. 3. The States of the Church. (a) Bologna. 414-15. 1529. Obverse. St. Petronius, with the city in his hand; beneath, the arms of Bologna. Inscription: Cogente. Inopia.. Rei. Frvmentariae. Reverse. Above, "il cane con la torcia in bocca" (a dog with a torch in its mouth). Inscription: Ex Collato. | Aere. De. Rebus | Sacris. Et. Pro | phanis . In. Egeno | rvm. Svbsidivm. M. D. XXIX. Bononia. | Silver. Scilla. Breve Notizia delle monete pontifice, 1715, p. 40; P. and R., p. 16, No. 6. Struck at Bologna, during the reign of Pope Clement VII., by the Order of Dominicans, whose crest the reverse bears. Pfeiffer and Ruland call the Patron Saint of Bologna merely "a bishop," unnamed, with "a church" in his hand. They give on obverse Frvmentarie, and on reverse, instead of the dog and torch, "a lion." They do not recognize that this was a private issue of the Dominican Order, but class it as struck by the city of Bologna. It was a piece of "four giulie.' There are two varieties, the second of which, without the stars or rather rosettes upon the reverse, was unknown to Pfeiffer and Ruland. 416. Obverse and reverse as the last, without rosettes on the reverse. Gold. Scilla, p. 132. A three-scudo piece. It was unknown to Pfeiffer and Venuti, p. 50, vii.; P. and R., p. 13, No. I. Not mentioned by Bonanni in his officially prepared "Numismata Pontificum Romanorum," 1699, fol. 418. Annona-Pvblica. P. and R. seem correctly to omit the dot in legend. Bonanni, i., p. 139, fig. x.; Scilla, p. 217; Tresor de Numismatique, Méd. pap., iv., 4; Armand, ii., 110-17; P. and R., p. 13, No. 2, fig. 419. Obverse. Within a garland of oak leaves, Jvlivs. II. Pont. Max. Roma. Seditionib. Fameq. Libata (liberata). Reverse. Sts. Peter and Paul. Legend: In Omnem. TerSilver. ram. Exivit. Son (us). Eor (um). Scilla, pp. 28, 217. A teston. Unknown to Pfeiffer and Ruland. Pope Paul III. (1540). 420. Annona. Pontificis. P. and R. omit the dot in legend. Bonanni, i., p. 199, fig. v.; Venuti, p. 75, v.; P. and R., p. 17, No. 8. 421. Obverse. An. Iobilaeo. Reverse. Annona. Pont. Armand, ii., p. 168. In the National Cabinet of France. It is wrongly referred by Armand to the last mentioned of Bonanni. P. and R. 422. Obverse. A. XVI. Reverse as preceding. Unknown to Litta. Famiglie celebri d'Italia (Farnese II.), Milan, 1819; Armand, ii., p. 168, No. 23. Unknown to P. and R. 423. Obverse.. An. XIIII. Reverse. The goddess of Plenty, with Rome in her hand, a cornucopia, basket of wheat ears, and prow of ship. Legend: Dapsilitas Macer (atae). Scilla, pp. 44,237. Silver. A teston. Struck at Macerata and Naples. Unknown to P. and R. Pope Julius III. (1555). 424. Obverse. Anno-na-Pont. Silver. P. and R., p. 17, No. 9. 425. As preceding, save A. III on obverse, and stars instead of dots. Bronze.. Ibid., p. 183. 426. Obverse. Annona. Pont. A. V. (anno quinto.) Bonanni, i., p. 243, fig. xiii.; Venuti, p. 96, xxi.; P. and R., p. 17, No. 10. Pope Pius IV. (1560). 427. Female erect, with cornucopia and scales. Venuti, p. 121, xxxv.; P. and R., p. 20, No. 20. This is not given by Bonanni. In the medals of previous pontificates, save in a single instance, Pope Martin V., Optimo. Pon-tifici . (Bonanni, i., p. 1, fig. iiii.), the scales and cornucopia have not been united in the same allegory. They have been, in the Gregory XIII., In. Aeqvitate. Abvndantia (Ibid., i., p. 323, fig. v.). In the other instances the scales (Justice) have always been accompanied by the drawn sword, as in Popes Innocent VIII., Jvstitia-Pax-Copia (Ibid., i., |