Rock-cut Lycian Tomb at Antiphellus (Fergusson, p. 226), with a Lycian and Latin inscription, from Forbes and Spratt's "Lycia" (vol. i. p. 72), Texier, Pl. cc., vol. iii. This tomb is supposed to be of archaic execution-and obviously reproduces wooden ideals. It has been at a later period annexed by a Roman matron, for her own purposes, who superimposes, in an unusual position, her Latin claims as CLAUDIA REGELIA HERENNIA PRIMIGENI SORORISVAE PIETATIS ET MEMORIA CAVSA, while ignoring, in anything but a pious spirit, the Lycian tenants of the earlier inhumation. The Lycian inscriptions, as far as they have been deciphered, seem to have nothing in common with the Roman period.

The earliest mention of a similar condition of society, in regard to women's rights, to that palæographically extant in India, occurs in Herodotus, who thus describes, with due expression of astonishment, the custom prevailing in Lycia:

"Their customs are partly Cretan partly Carian. They have, however, one singular custom in which they differ from every other nation in the world. They take the mother's and not the father's name. Ask a Lycian who he is, and he answers by giving his own name, that of his mother, and so on in the female line. Moreover, if a free woman marry a man who is a slave, their children are full citizens; but if a free man marry a foreign woman, or live with a concubine, even though he be the first person in the State, the children forfeit all the rights of citizenship."-Herodotus, i. 173; Rawlinson's Version, vol. i. p. 309.

Rock-cut Lycian Tomb at Antiphellus (Fergusson, History of Architecture, vol. i. p. 227), from the original drawing in Texier's "Asie Mineure," Plate cci. vol. iii. This tomb exhibits an advance upon the normal wooden forms, in the Ionic elements introduced into the more obviously original architectural design represented in Cut No. 1.1

I interrupt the continuity of the illustration of descent by the female line, in order to exhibit in its proper antiquarian place a cognate normal custom of Lycia, which is intimately

The only remaining important architectural group in Asia Minor is that of Lycia.. Interesting though they certainly are, they are extremely disheartening to any one looking for earlier remains in this land, inasmuch as all of them, and more especially the older ones, indicate distinctly a wooden origin, more strongly perhaps than any architectural remains in the Western world. The

associated with the continuous and, so to say, essentially modern practice among the Rájpúts in India. Herodotus observes:

"When Harpagus, after these successes, led his forces into the Xanthian plain, the Lycians of Xanthus went out to meet him in the field; though but a small band against a numerous host, they engaged in battle, and performed many glorious exploits. Overpowered at last, and forced within their walls, they collected into the citadel their wives and children, all their treasures, and their slaves; and having so done, fired the building and burnt it to the ground. After this, they bound themselves together by dreadful oaths, and sallying forth against the enemy, died sword in hand, not one escaping."-Herodotus, i. 176; Rawlinson, vol. i. p. 312.

Other ancient authors illustrate and confirm the existence of this usage as typical and hereditary in Xanthus, and as having excited Greek and Roman admiration for the third time at the capture of the city by Brutus.1

The Indian counterpart practice in hopeless sieges is too well understood and established in the annals of the land to require much commentary from the local point of view, but the illustrative example I have selected, in this instance,

oldest of them cannot well be carried farther back than the Persian conquest of Cyrus and Harpagus. In other words, it seems perfectly evident that up to that period the Lycians used only wood in their buildings, and that it was only at that time, and probably from the Greeks and Egyptians, that they, like the Persians themselves, first learnt to substitute for their frail and perishable structures others of a more durable material.- Fergusson, Hist. Arch. vol. i. p. 224.

1 ἐκ γὰρ τούτου καὶ οἱ ἐπιχώριοι τὰ λοιπὰ ἐθελονταὶ συγκατέπρησαν, καὶ àλλǹλous oi #λeious àvexphoavTo.- Dio Cass. xlvii. sect. 34. Appian de Bell. Civ. iv. 80. Ξάνθιοι μὲν δὴ τρίτον ὑπὸ σφῶν αὐτῶν ἀπώλλυντο, ἐλευθερίας οἵνεκα. -Plutarch in Brutus, sec. xxxi. Langhorne's translation runs as follows:

"But the Lycians were seized with an incredible despair, a kind of frenzy, which can no otherwise be described than by calling it a passionate desire of death. Women and children, freemen and slaves, people of all ages and conditions, strove to repulse the soldiers as they came to their assistance from the walls. With their own hands they collected wood and reeds, and all manner of combustibles, to spread the fire over the city, and encouraged its progress by every means in their power. Regardless of his (Brutus') entreaties, they sought by every means in their power to put an end to their lives. Men, women, and even children, with hideous cries, leaped into the flames. Some threw themselves headlong from the walls, and others fell upon the swords of their parents, opening their breasts, and begging to be slain."

Monumental evidence of the fighting power of the Lycian women seems to be afforded by the sculpture on the Tomb in the British Museum, where one of the three combatants, fighting in rank, foot to foot, is clearly intended to represent a

female.

is again taken from the narrative of a conquering adversary, whose successes in the far East had as yet presented him with no similar experience of heroic or wilful self-extermination.

The capture of Chánderí by the Emperor Bábar is thus told in his Memoirs:

"The reason for this desperate sally from their works was, that, on giving up the place for lost, they had put to death the whole of their wives and women, and having resolved to perish, had stripped themselves naked, in which condition they had rushed out to the fight; and engaging with ungovernable desperation, drove our people along the ramparts."-Memoirs of Bábar, Erskine, p. 377.1

I pass by for the moment other indications of similarities and identities, which, perhaps, are not so definite and striking; such as the system of elective government so marked in the Lycian policy among the Western nations-apparently extending to the old Etruscan cities-which finds counterparts in so many instances in India, the classical evidence of which I designedly place upon record under its proper Lycian head:

"There are three-and-twenty cities in this [Lycian] body, which have votes. They assemble from each city at a general congress, and select what city they please for their place of meeting. Each of the largest cities commands three votes, those of intermediate importance two, and the rest one vote. They contribute in the same proportion to taxes and other public charges. At the congress a Lyciarch is first elected, then the other officers of the body. It was the fortune of these people, who lived under such an excellent government, to retain their liberty under the Romans, and the laws and institutions of their ancestors."-Strabo, xiv. ciii. 3. 4.

I likewise reserve any examination of the tendency to utilize Nature's rocks in the form of tombs or temples, of

1 Col. Tod naturally supplies numerous instances of Jauhar, or "immolation of females," from the annals of the Rájpúts.-vol. i. p. 265. 13,000 females were sacrificed at Cheetore, on its capture by Buhádar Sháh of Guzerát. p. 311. At. vol. ii. p. 251 he explains the Sohag; the Sohagun is one who becomes Satí previous to her lord's death.

Elliot's Historians. Jauhar (the Hindú practice), vol. iv. pp. 277, 534; vol. v. pp. 173, 328, 565; vol. vi. p. 121; vol. vii. p. 50.

which examples extend, even to the coincidence of wooden forms, from Etruria to the western coast of India. But I wish to connect so much of effective Scythism with Lycia and the proximate province of Caria, as extends to the leading position assigned to the typical Scythian weapon the Sagara, or double-faced axe, on the buildings, and as the normal coin emblem of Mylasa. The recurrence of the same national weapon amid the discoveries at Mycane,3 in the records of the Oxford Marbles, at Pterium in Cappadocia, and in other parts of Asia Minor,5 amid the avowed sculptures of the Sacæ, sufficiently determines its symbolic mission and representative import.

2

This national symbol reappears on the currencies of Maussollus and his successors, now sanctified with the associate worship of Zeus Labrandenus.

CARIA.

Caria-seated on a promontory or elbow of land, which geographically commanded the sea-way of the growing inter

1 Herodotus' account of the ethnography of the Carians is as follows: “This then is the account the Cretans give of the Carians; the Carians themselves, however, do not admit its correctness; but consider themselves to be aboriginal inhabitants of the continent, and always to have gone under the same name as they now do. And in testimony of this, they show an ancient temple of Jupiter Carius at Mylasa, which the Mysians and Lydians share, as kinsmen of the Carians, but none who are of a different nation, though of the same language with the Carians, are allowed to share it (172). The Caunians, in my opinion, are aboriginals, though they say they are from Crete... (173). The Lycians were originally sprung from Crete, for in ancient time Crete was entirely in the possession of Barbarians."-Herodotus i. sec. 171, etc.

2 "I mentioned in my former journal a fine arched gateway, which was still remaining; .... I have sketched the outer side, showing on the keystone the sacrificial axe, [the Sagara]. This emblem I have seen on four different keystones, built into various walls in the town, showing that it must have been very commonly used in the architecture of the city. I have obtained coins of the ancient city, with the same emblem upon them."-Fellows' Discoveries in Lycia (roy. 8vo. 1851), p. 75.

3 Schliemann, pp. 218, 353-354.

Part ii. p. 11. See also Homer, Od. v. 220.

5 Texier, Asie Mineure, vol. i. p. 220, pl. 76.

Ob. Head of Apollo.

6 Leake, Numismata Hellen., p. 64: Maussollus. Rev. ΜΑΥΣΣΩΛΛΟ. Jupiter Labrandenus in his right hand the λáßpus of bipennis, or double axe. Idrieus same type IAPINE. Pixodarus same type ΠΙΞΩΔΑΡΟΥ. See also L. Müller, Numismatique d'Alexandre le Grand (1855), p. 254 et seq.