pyrin is employed, but its power is apparently weaker than that of the latter remedy.

Administration.-The dose of antithermin is about 5 grains (0.3 gramme), and it is best administered in alcoholic solutions or in wafers.

Toxicology.

This drug is apt to cause untoward effects such as heaviness in the head, pallor of the face, and perspiration. Its ingestion, especially in debilitated individuals, should be made with caution.

APIOL.

This body is contained, in combination with other substances, in the fruit of the common parsley, Petroselinum sativum or Carum petroselinum. Its formula is C12H4O4

Physical Properties.-This drug occurs in long white needles with a faint parsley odor. It melts at 86° F. (30° C.) and boils at 561.2° F. (294° C.); its sp. gr. is 1.015..

Solubility.-Apiol dissolves readily in alcohol and ether, but is insoluble in water.

Therapeutic Applications.-This remedy has been used with apparent success in the treatment of dysmenorrhoea, and is also said to have given good results as an antiperiodic against malarial disorders.

Administration.-Apiol (this substance must not be confounded with the alcoholic liquid extract obtained from parsley-seeds) may be given in doses of from 10 to 15 grains (0.65 to 1 gramme), and it is best administered in capsules.

Toxicology.-Large doses of apiol are said to cause intoxication with ringing in the ears and severe frontal headache.

APOCODEINE.

This drug is said to be prepared in the same manner as apomorphine. The salt of apocodeine generally used

is the hydrochlorate, the chemical composition of which is C18H19NO2, HCl.

Physical Properties.—Apocodeine hydrochlorate occurs as an amorphous powder.

Physiological Action.-This drug is pre-eminently a somnifacient. The sleep produced by it is not preceded by excitement, but is not as profound as that caused by morphine. Like codeine, apocodeine is able to produce an increase of the reflexes, and sometimes convulsions and tetanic spasms which may mask its cerebral action. In therapeutic doses, however, it is a nervine, acting primarily upon the brain, and modifying sensibility and the conductivity of the nerves. The drug is rapidly eliminated, and the return to consciousness is effected without untoward effects.

Therapeutic Applications.-Apocodeine is at present employed for its alleged expectorant properties. It is claimed to be of special value in chronic bronchitis.

Administration.-The dose of this salt is 3 to 4 grains (0.2 to 0.25 gramme), and it is best administered in pill form. The remedy may also be given subcutaneously in solutions of the strength of 2 per cent.

ARBUTIN.

The glucoside of the common bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), its chemical formula being (C12H16O7)2:~ H2O.

Physical Properties.-Arbutin appears in long, colorless, brilliant needles having a melting-point of 338° F. (170° C.).

Solubility.-Arbutin is soluble in cold water in the proportion of I part to 8; in alcohol in 1 to 16 parts.

Therapeutic Applications.-This glucoside is employed in diseases of the urinary tract as one of the most valuable of antiseptics, its effects being due to the hydrochinone which is set free in the organism.

Administration.-The dose of arbutin is 75 grains (5) grammes) per day, in divided amounts.

ARISTOL.

Aristol is the dithymol-diiodide, also commonly called annidalin," but it must not be confounded with the latter substance, which is the dithymol-triiodide. Aristol is a substitution-compound from two molecules of thymol (C10H13HO) in which the two radicals of hydroxyl (HO) have been replaced by two iodoxyl radicals (IO). It is C2H

chemically represented by the formula

CH, CH,(OI)

Physical Properties.-Aristol is a reddish-brown powder, odorless or of a somewhat aromatic odor. It contains 45.80 per cent. of iodine.

Solubility. This remedy readily dissolves in ether, collodion, and traumaticin; it is slightly soluble in chloroform, but is insoluble in water and glycerin.

Physiological Action.—It is asserted that even in very large quantities aristol exercises no deleterious influence. on the lower animals. Its antiseptic power is also very feeble. How the drug is eliminated has not been determined.

Therapeutic Applications.-Aristol has been employed with success in cutaneous affections and syphilitic lesions, as a substitute for iodoform. It is especially valuable as a cicatrizant in the ulcers of tertiary syphilis, and good has been obtained from its use in lupus and psoriasis. It has been found highly serviceable, locally applied, in the treatment of interstitial keratitis.

Administration.-This drug is generally employed as a dusting-powder or in the form of an ointment of a strength varying from 1⁄2 to I drachm (1.95 to 3.9 grammes) to the ounce (31.10 grammes) of vaseline.

ASAPROL.

This substance, recently introduced into the market and into practical medicine, occurs in acicular crystals.

It is the calcium-B-naphthol-a-mono-sulphonate, with a formula of (CH.C10H2SO3)2CA,3Aq.

Solubility. This drug is readily soluble in water and in alcohol.

Incompatibility.-Asaprol is incompatible with all the salts that precipitate lime, particularly with the soluble sulphates and the bicarbonate of sodium; it is also incompatible with the iodide of potassium and the quinine salts.1

Physiological Action.-No extended studies have been made regarding the general physiological action of this medicament, but it has been found that it reduces hyperpyrexia very decidedly. It causes an increase in the amount of urine secreted. Asaprol appears to be a powerful antiseptic, solutions of it of the strength of 5 per cent. preventing the growth of the microbes of Asiatic cholera, the germs of which are destroyed by stronger solutions of the drug.

Therapeutic Applications.-This remedy is claimed to have acted most advantageously in acute articular rheumatism and in acute and subacute polyarticular rheumatism. As an antipyretic it has been used with success in typhoid fever, influenza, and pneumonia. Good results have been observed in acute tonsillitis both of adults and of children, as well as in the treatment of boils and in that of infectious diseases accompanied with albuminuria. In the latter cases the albumen has disappeared from the urine in a short time. As an analgesic asaprol has been serviceable in sciatica, intercostal neuralgia, tic douloureux, and the pains of muscular rheumatism. Asthma has been relieved by this drug, and beneficial results have been noticed from its use in rebellious cases of chronic rheurnatism.

1 Asaprol must not be mistaken for a recent disinfectant which goes under the name of saprol. Saprol appears in the form of an oily brown liquid having an odor of carbolic acid, with a sp. gr. of .099. It is said to contain .43 per cent. of phenol, 53.9 per cent. of cresol, and 2.8 per cent. of hydrocarbons, pyridin, and other bases. Saprol has been employed with asserted excellent success as a disinfectant, particularly of fecal matters.

Administration.-The remedy may be given in doses of from 15 to 60 grains (1 to 4 grammes) in cachets, or in solution of the strength of 5 per cent.; it can then be administered in anise-water, beer, or coffee. For its antiseptic action asaprol can be used for gargles and for vaginal, urethral, and rectal injections from solutions of the strength of from 2 to 5 per cent. This drug may be employed also in the form of an ointment.

ASEPTOL.

This body goes under the various names of orthophenolsulphonic acid, sozolic acid, sulphocarbolic acid, and sulphonic acid, and is obtained from the interaction of concentrated sulphuric acid and phenic acid. The formula of aseptol is CH2OH.SO.OH.

Physical Properties.-This drug crystallizes in small deliquescent needles, but it generally appears in the form of a heavy reddish liquid of a syrupy consistency. It has an astringent taste and an odor resembling that of phenol. Its sp. gr. is 1.400.

Solubility. Aseptol is freely soluble in water, alcohol, and glycerin.

Therapeutic Applications.-This remedy has been advantageously employed, mainly as an antiseptic, in diseases of the bladder, eye, and skin. It has rendered good service in the treatment of diphtheritic laryngitis and in pharyngitis. Locally, it has been recommended in gingivitis and pyorrhoea.

Administration.-Aseptol is best administered in the form of a lemonade of the strength of 45 grains to the pint of water (3 in 33.6 grammes). As a local application, solutions of a strength varying from 1 to 10 per cent. may be used.

ASPARAGIN.

Asparagin is a vegetable principle obtained from Asparagus officinalis and various other allied plants. Physical Properties.-Asparagin itself appears as a