ancient fountains, and several others are in different parts of the town; but, except Delcour's statue of the Virgin (which adorns the fountain of that name), in the Great Square, there is no beauty to be perceived in them. The Place de la Comédie affords a striking coup d'œil. In front is the handsome façade of the new theatre. On the right are the Church of St. Martin and the Abbey of St. Lawrence, and a handsome row of houses on an eminence; and on the left the spire of St. Paul and the ancient Church of St. Croix.

Cathedral.-The Church of St. Paul is now the Cathedral; and by the architectural grandeur of its exterior, and the exquisite arrangements of its interior ornaments, well deserves the distinction. The style is invariably that of the pointed arch of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, with massive columns below, and light pilasters above. The choir, the most ancient part, which is closed by two elegant brass doors, is very beautiful; and the great altar is enriched by six solid silver candlesticks of great size. The painted windows and roof also deserve attention. The pulpit by Geefs, is a remarkable item in the list of attractions. The principal pictures in this church are the altar-piece, the Assumption, by Caravaggio; a Descent from the Cross, by some attributed to Rubens, but more probably by one of his pupils; a St. Jerome, by Lairesse; and the Plague at Milan, with two other pictures by Bertholet; besides others by Venius, Carlier, &c. There is also a fine sculptured figure of our Saviour, by Delcour. The ancient Cathedral Church of St. Lambert, founded in 712, and destroyed during this period of revolutionary frenzy, was a vast and massive building, at once the ornament and pride of the city, of which hardly a vestige now remains. The dignitaries of the chapter were the Prince-bishop, the Grand Provost and Archdeacon of the City, the Great Dean, head of the chapter. The canons, who were named trefonciers, and were all nobles or licentiates in theology or law, enjoyed the right of nominating the bishop, who was a suffragan of the archbishopric of Cologne. St. Materne was the first bishop of St. Lambert, and the Prince of Méan, late archbishop of Malines, the ninetieth and last. The site of this building now forms a handsome place

d'armes, or open square. In the church of St. John the Evangelist are several modern pictures, and a number of images of the Virgin, dressed in the most gaudy and ludicrous manner.

The Church of St. Jacques, is deservedly considered as the wonder of Liége, indeed few buildings combine grandeur and elegance in greater perfection. This masterpiece of architecture, presenting specimens of all styles from 1100 to the Renaissance, has a gateway planned by Lambert Lombard. The organ and choir will interest every visitor. It was built in 1014. The church offers much fine sculpture in wood, and an admirable nave. The gradual rise to the sanctuary is very imposing. The fret-work and trellis-work of chiselled stone is fantastically beautiful, especially about the ceiling, and presents a resemblance to the Ste. Chapelle at Paris.

St. Martin. This church, founded in 96?, destroyed in 1302, and rebuilt in 1542, is noted as the first church in which the festival of the Holy Sacrament was celebrated. The fine church of the Carmelites, formely a Château, should be seen; the front, the most remarkable in Liége, has two lions in stone, sculptured by the celebrated Delcourt. The other churches deserving of notice are St. Jean, St. Denis, St. Croix, St. Bartholomew, St. Veronica, &c.

The University contains a library of seventy-five thousand volumes, and several good collections. The botanical garden contains a great number of rare plants; the system by which the collection is classified is that of Jussien.

The Promenade de la Sauve Nière is an agreeable and picturesque walk.

Citadel.-The traveller should ascend to the summit in order to enjoy the magnificent panorama o the town and suburbs presented to him. Outside the city still remains St. William's convent, in which is the tomb of Sir John Mandeville, the traveller.

The other public buildings deserving mention are the Place-aux-Cheveaux, erected in 1821, the barracks, the hospital, the cannon-foundry, established by Napoleon at an expense of nearly half million sterling, and the University founded in 1817 by the late King of the Netherlands. The lecture room is a handsome square stone building, with a

portico supported by eight Ionic columns. Thore are about five hundred students educated, at a very moderate expense, by seventeen professors, who are also obliged to give gratuitous evening lectures, to the working classes, on arithmetic, elementary algebra, practical geometry, architecture, lineardrawing, mechanics, and chemistry applied to the arts and manufactures. Liége is the seat of a superior court, whose jurisdiction extends over the provinces of Liége, Namur, Limburg, and Luxemburg, and, in addition to the University, it possesses a Societé de Libre Emulation, a free competition school, founded in 1779 by Bishop Velbruch, a school of arts and trade, a singing school, a museum of natural history and philosophy, a botanic garden, a society for the cultivation of French literature, the last, it may naturally be concluded, a highly beneficial institution, as the lower classes of the inhabitants speak the Walloon or provincial dialect, which is alike unintelligible to the Fleming, Dutchman, and Frenchman. views from the old citadel on Mount St. Walburg, the maison de Piéte overlooking the river, and, above all the fine panorama of the town and surrounding country from the Cherbreux mountain should not be left unobserved.

The

ment of Mr. Cockerill, at Seraing, a suburb of Liége, before-mentioned (see Route 9), which constantly employs many thousand men. It may be reached by omnibus, steamer, or rail.

Among the celebrated men to whom Liége has given birth, are Gaspard Lairéne, surnamed the Dutch Raphael, author of a treatise on painting; the ingenious Renchin, who constructed the great machine at Marly, near Versailles; the jurisconsul Méan; and Grétry, whose Richard Coeur de Lion alone suffices to secure him immortal fame. The Place Grétry is ornamented with a bust, by Geefs, of that eminent composer, born, 1741, and who died at Montmorency in 1813.

Liége to Spa.-This is one of the most interesting sections of the Belgian railways, where considerable difficulties to all appearance have been overcome. Quitting Guillemins Station, the most remarkable structure is shortly arrived at; it is the beautiful Bridge of Val-Benoit, a masterpiece of architecture. There are five eliptical arches, surmounted by a parapet composed of iron balustrades and square pillars, dividing the rows of rails. The railroad passes on one side, and inferior conveyances on the other, over a pavement. There is also a road for foot passengers. beautiful cast-iron balustrade is lighted by elegant candelabra. After passing the Meuse, a splendid panorama is presented to the eye of the delighted traveller. On the left is Liége, "the turbulent city." Nothing can be prettier than the valley of the Meuse-and few scenes are more pleasing than the landscape which skirts the two banks of the river. Passing through an interesting country, and leaving the junction for Marche on the right, we arrive at

The

Chênée Station. A manufacturing place, situated at the junction of the Ourthe with the Vesdre. The railway passes the beautiful vale of the Vesdre Limbourg. The scenery along is interspersed with orchards, villas, gardens, and rich pasturage, at times varied by large manufactories, principally of cloth, all along to

Chaudfontaine Station (Warm Fountain).
Inns Hotel des Bains,
Population, 1888.

A beautiful village 5 miles distant from Liége, on the Cologne Railway, delightfully situated in the valley de la Vesdre, much frequented by travellers on account of its picturesque promenades and warm mineral springs, as also from its proximity to Spa and Verviers. The season for taking the baths commences on the 1st of May, and travellers going to the Rhine, or returning from Germany, find it most refreshing to take a few hours' rest at this charming place, and in so doing they obviate the expenses incidental to the removal of luggage to and from the stations of larger towns. Some distance further on, a high hill on the left is passed, forming an amphitheatre. On certain parts it is destitute of a covering of earth, thus exposing to view layers of green-tinted marble, having a fine effect. Between this and the station at Pepinster, a country, wild and beautiful by turns, is traversed.

Le Trooz Station. Where gun barrels are bored. Then

Nessonvaux Station, near the Château de Masures, a modern seat.

Pepinster Station.-Railway to Spa; distance 7 miles. Seven trains daily in summer (see BRADSHAW's Continental Guide).

The line to Spa proceeds along the valley of the Hoegne, studded with country houses belonging to the manufacturers of Verviers. Beyond is Theux Station, among noted quarries of black marble.

SPA Station.-Hotels:

Hotel d'Orange.-First rate hotel patronised by the first families. The proprietor, Mr. Muller, speaks English, and is particularly attentive.

D'York, good, and very respectable.

Hotel de Flandre, an old-established good house. Grand Hotel des Bains, Place Royale, well situated, entirely refurnished--combines elegance and comfort with moderate prices.

Hotel des Pays Bas, a quiet well-conducted house, and reasonable prices.

Grand Hotel Britannique, kept by Mr. F. Leyh, a very good hotel, well situated; moderate charges. Hotel de l'Europe, opposite the Cascade; kept by Mr. Henrard Richard. A very good house.

Hotel du Portugal, well situated, facing one of the finest promenades. Kept by L. Gernay,

De Bellecour; Des Etrangers. Cafés Restaurant are very numerous: De Paris De la Redoute; Rocher de Cancale. There are numbers of lodging-houses.

Population, 5,700.

English Service.-At the Vauxhall.
Physician.-Dr. Cutler, author of "Notes on

Spa."

Exchange Office.-Mr. Suffell (at Hotel de Flandre.) SPA is a town in the arrondissement of Verviers, situated on the little river Wahay, in a valley surrounded by heights. It dates from the year. 1327, when its founder, an ironmaster, who purchased from the prince-bishop of Liége a quantity of woodland (in which the Pouhan spring was discovered), caused the ground to be cleared, and reared the first habitations. It afterwards became celebrated throughout Europe for its mineral waters, attracting crowds of strangers, particularly from England, as well as America; and has more than once been honoured with the presence of several crowned heads, in the pursuit of health.

The town comprises upwards of 500 houses; the greater part, tastefully and elegantly furnished, assume the name of hotels, and offer every accommodation to those taking up a temporary abode in the place. The principal street is terminated by an irregularly-shaped place or square, in the centre of which stands a fountain, and near it a large public saloon, built in 1820, in remembrance of Peter I., the Emperor of Russia, who derived great benefit from its waters, during a residence of six weeks, in 1717. neighbourhood are not equal to the consumptior The productions of the of the town during the period of the influx of strangers; and fruit, vegetables, fish, and poultry are consequently brought from Liége. The ordinary water is excellent, and more pure than might have been expected in a spot abounding in mineral springs. The principal industry of the inhabitants is the fabrication of an infinite variety of articles, known as Spa Ware; these articles, the best of which are made of the bird's-eye maple, and are previously stained grey by immersion in the mineral water of the place, are often elaborately painted, and are then really works of art; the flower painting is exquisite. The great improvement which has taken place of late years

in this peculiar industry, is mainly owing to the foundation of a drawing academy in 1843, which has produced many very clever artists.

Mineral Springs. Of these there are no less than seven, without counting a variety that lose themselves in the mountain. The names of the most important are-the Pouhon, the Geronstére, the Sauvenière, the Groesbeck, the two fountains of the Tonnelet, and the Barisart.

The Pouhon is the most celebrated and best frequented, and the only one from which Spa water is taken for the purpose of being sent to foreign countries. It rises from the ground in the centre of the town, and is supposed to have its source in the mountain of argillaceous slate, the base of which is veined with oxide of iron. At some distance to the west the slate appears slightly mixed with silex and alum, and is easily decomposed by the atmosphere and rain. The Pouhon is enclosed in a regular building, decorated with columns; and those drinking the waters find refuge from the inclemency of the weather in a saloon of the monument, already mentioned, erected to the memory of Peter the Great. The spring is equal to the daily consumption; it even loses much of its water, of which no use is made, and appears more or less abundant, and possesses its medicinal qualities in a greater or less degree, according to the season of the year. Notwithstanding the great number of those who drink it, the consumption of the inhabitants, who make a habitual use of it, from 800 to 1,000 pitchers sent daily to foreign countries, the diminution in the basin is scarcely perceptible. The water is perfectly limpid, but it deposits an ochrey or metallic earth, which is daily removed from the mouth of the fountain, and gaseous bubbles constantly rise from the bottom of the spring, bursting with a dull sound on the surface of the water, the temperature of which is 50 degrees Fahrenheit, or 8 degrees Réaum, and its specific gravity 1.00098. It has a ferruginous, acidulous taste, without smell, unless after the longest rains. The Pouhon spring is impregnated with iron and carbonic acid in a greater degree than any other spring known. To the former quality it is indebted for its medicinal qualities; while from the superabundance of the carbonic acid it is capable of being preserved during entire years in well

corked bottles and pitchers, and for this reason is sent in considerable quantities to foreign countries.

The Geronstére is the principal spring after the Pouhon, and that of which the greatest use is made. It lies about three-quarters of a league from Spa, half way to the mountain, forming a semicircle round the town to the south. It comes from a solitary grove, near the dwelling-house of the keepers, in which is a pretty large saloon, whither the water-drinkers resort in bad weather. Fine groups of trees, and alleys with agreeable footpaths winding through charming meadows, lend their influence to the vicinity, and those frequenting this well, to indulge in the pleasures of the promenade. The mouth of the spring is contained in a round basin, covered over with a cupola, and connected with the saloon by a gallery. Fewer of those bubbles that burst on reaching the surface of the water are seen here than at the Pouhon; but the most striking difference between the twowells is perhaps to be found in the disagreeable smell emitted by the water of the Geronstére. Its taste is decidedly ferruginous, but less acidulous than the Pouhon, and its temperature 49 Fahrenheit, or 7-55 Réaum. Specific gravity, '0008. Pic-nic parties and fêtes perpetually enliven the beautiful grounds of the Geronstére during the

season.

The Sauvenière is situated half a league from Spa, in the direction of the Geronstére, and on the route to Malmedy. The spring, which flows from a rock, is covered from a cupola, and connected by a gallery with an adjoining saloon. On emptying the basin it is found to fill itself in twenty minutes. Sometimes the water is divested of smell, and at other times it possesses, though in a slighter degree, more than that of the Geronstére. Its temperature is 49.5 Fahrenheit or 7.77 Réaum. Specific gravity, 1.00075.

The Groesbeck is in the neighbourhood of the From an Sauvenière, and like it is covered over. inscription we learn that the Baron of Groesbeck, who recovered his health there in 1651, erected this building through gratitude. The temperature of the water is 49-5 degrees Fahrenheit or 7-77 degrees Réaum. Specific gravity, 1.00073. The position of these springs is very picturesque, and the grounds attached to them are much admired

Adjoining them is a beautiful ravine, and a comfortable establishment is attached to these springs, and great numbers of visitors breakfast here in fine weather.

The Tonnelets, which derive their names from the circumstance of the basin for the reception of the water having at first been formed of a tonneau or barrel, are situated about a quarter of an hour's walk from the Sauvenière. The ground is moist and swampy in many places. Among other springs that take their rise in this spot, there are two at an inconsiderable distance from each other that merit particular attention, on account of the difference existing in their constituent parts. One of them is covered, and presents a handsome portico and columns, while the other, whose virtues entitle it to a higher distinction and more consideration, has not received a similar mark of honour. The latter flows abundantly from a schistus rock, and continually gives out a quantity of gas, producing an unceasing noise, similar to the crackling of flames. The temperature is 7.77 degrees Réaum, or 49 degrees Fahrenheit, with a specific gravity of 1.00075. When poured into a glass the water presents a crystalline limpidity, and produces a quantity of bubbles. Its taste is more agreeable and less ferruginous than those above described, and it is used as the ordinary

drink of the inhabitants. The smell resembles that of the Geronstére, but is somewhat less strong. Both these fountains are remarkable for the quantity of carbonic acid they contain, and with which the ground in the vicinity seems strongly impregnated; for it is given out, not merely with the water, but it is even evaporated in the clefts of the rocks bordering the springs.

The Barisart is situated at a about a mile from the town of Spa, lying due South; it is reached by a new road opened through a pleasent valley, the road being continued on to the Geronstére. This spring, like all the rest, contains abundance of carbonic acid gas. Its flavour is most agreeable, and its appearance in the glass is as sparkling as the water of the Pouhon. This valuable spring was a roadside well, only reputed among the peasantry for its vermifuge qualities, until Dr. Cutler's researches, in regard to its other medicinal properties, led to its almost mmediate appreciation

by the public. The authorities of the place then directed their attention to this delicious source, the most powerful of all in dyspeptic affections; improved the appearance of the spot by an ornamental plantation; enclosed the well in solid masonry, lined within by a cast-iron cylinder, to exclude the ingress of the soft springs, and constructed over it a grotto of the boulders scattered about the neighbourhood, the whole surmounted by a pretty Kiosque. A châlet is to be shortly built for the better accommodation of invalids, and when completed, the Barisart, now the most frequented of all the springs out of the town, will be one of the prettiest objects in the environs of Spa.

The Chalybeate Waters of Spa are distinguished from those of Germany by the greater quantity of carbonic acid gas they contain, and, with the exception of the springs of Pyrmont, there is none that may be compared to them in this respect. When speaking of waters highly impregnated with carbonic acid, the late Dr. Murray, in his Materia Medica, says, "They are grateful from their pungency, sit light on the stomach, and in a large dose produce a sensible degree of exhilaration; the increase the appetite, and generally have a diuretic effect. They prove useful in dyspeptic affections, from the grateful and moderate stimulus exerted by the diluent operation of the water; and hence the advantage derived from them in the numerous chronic affections connected with the impaired power of the digestive organs, and particularly in simple dyspepsia, in hypochondriasis, and gout. They generally also contain some saline substances, which communicate additional powers; and the operation of these is promoted, or at least they are rendered more grateful, by the carbonic acid."

The Spa waters are perhaps the most useful in nervous and uterine affections, and in disorders of the digestive system; in liver complaints from long residence in hot climates they are invaluable. There are two bath establishments at Spa.

The Rédoute is one of the finest establishments of the kind in Europe. The exterior of this edifice, from its simplicity, would certainly not lead the stranger to suspect the richness of its interior. Besides a café and a billiard room, there