Gar-dow or Gardeau should be Ga-da'-o, bank in front, according to Morgan. Marshall and Doty wrote it Ga-dah'-oh, meaning a bluff. The tract was in Livingston and Wyoming counties, and was reserved for Mary Jemison, the White Woman. In the account of her life it is said that her Indian husband did not like his nickname of Gardeau, and that the land was not called from him but from containing a hill known as Kautam. This is misspelled, like many other names in the book, and should be Kautaw. This explanation was given: "Kutam signifies up and down, or down and up, and is applied to a hill that you ascend and descend in passing; or to a valley." This is not satisfactory.

Gaw-she-gweh-oh, spear laid up, has already been noticed under Casawavalatetah. Another imperfect form is Gagh-a-hey-wa-ra

he-ra.

Gen-e-see or Gen-e-se-o, beautiful valley, is a popular Indian name, at first written in many ways and now applied to many places. Most New York cities and villages, west of Albany, have a Genesee street, so great became its fame through Sullivan's campaign, and so rapid was its settlement soon after. All roads led there for a long time. Spafford said: "Genesee, in the language of the Indigenes of this region is formed from their name for Pleasant Valley, but I know not what was the aboriginal name." It was probably the same, but it attracted no attention till their later villages were built.

Morgan said: "It is worthy of remark that the root of the word Genesee was the name of the valley and not of the river, the latter deriving its name from the former. Gen-nis -he-yo, signifies the beautiful valley,' a name most fitly bestowed." Mr George H. Harris said: "Genesee is the modern form of Gen-nus-hee-o, beautiful valley. The term originally referred to the neighborhood of the Seneca towns near Fall brook, but was recognized as applicable to all the pleasant open valley,' between Mount Morris and the rapids of South Rochester." Doty made it Jo-nis-hi-yuh or Geneseo, the full name being De-gah-chi-nos-hi-yooh, beautiful valley, but he did not say that Degah, at the, is but a locative prefix. Pouchot called it Sonnechio, and the Moravians Zonesshio. David Cusick placed the Kahkwah battle there. In the journals of Sullivan's campaign it is called Jenessee, Canisee, Chenisce, Chenussio or

In early days

Beautiful Valley, and other slightly varying names. the stream was often termed the Little Seneca river. Ho-ne-oye creek, finger lying, is on the east line of the county, having its name from the lake and town.

"Kanuskago, the Door of the Five Nations," was at Dansville and first mentioned in 1756. The Mohawks kept the eastern and the Senecas the western door of the Long House. The name often appears in colonial history and has been already noticed. Kenonskegon is Pouchot's form of this name about the same time, but this would mean an empty house, and this would not be appropriate for an important town.

Kan-va-gen, a Seneca village on Pouchot's map, seems Cana

waugus.

Ka-yen-ge-de-ragh-te was mentioned in the Revolutionary War as a village about 10 miles from an unnamed Seneca town. Its location is uncertain and it may have been Karathyadirha.

Ke-int-he was first mentioned by Greenhalgh in 1677, and was near the line of Livingston and Ontario counties, having been assigned to both. It had other names, but its own survives in the Bay of Quinté, in Canada.

Ke-sha-qua or Coshaqua creek has its name from gah-she-gweh, a spear. Ka-sa-wa-sa-hy-a, the first of the Genesee towns, was near this in 1779.

Ko-house-ra-ghe, a Seneca village of 1687, may be Canaseraga, but it appears elsewhere, as might be expected. As here written the word would mean winter in Mohawk, but not in Seneca.

Little Seneke river was a name often given to the Genesee to distinguish it from the Seneca river farther east.

Lima is said to be a corruption, by the Indians or Spaniards, of the aboriginal South American word Rimac.

Na-ga-noose, clear running water, the outlet of the great Caledonia spring, is derived from ogh-ne-ka-nos, water.

No-ehn-ta was a name used by the Moravians in 1750 for Hemlock lake and outlet. In their hurried journey they may have mistaken this for the true name of O-neh-da, hemlock spruce, from the abundance of this tree there. Marshall approaches the Moravian form, calling it Nah'-daeh, hemlock, from o-nah-dah, hemlock, and ga-ah', it is upon.

Nun-da is Nun-da'-o, hilly, according to Morgan. Doty gives it as O'-non-da'-oh, where many hills come together, which is much the same. The village was 2 miles nearer the river than the present village of Nunda. Earlier it was called Nundow and Nundey Though this definition seems sound Spafford questioned it for some good reasons. A Seneca hunter told him in 1817: "That this Nunda was an attempt of the Yankees to preserve the Indian sound of the name they had given to the rich alluvial mold of this country, signifying potato ground, a name they applied to lands of this description above the falls." There is much plausibility in this, as Schoolcraft gives ononnuhda as the Seneca word for potato, while Gallatin's is ononenundaw. This seems the place mentioned by Proctor as Nondas in 1791, and which he thought 8 miles from Squakie Hill. O-ha'-di is a name given by Morgan to Geneseo or a village near there, meaning trees burned. Doty wrote it Oh-ha-daih, burnt trees; i. e., those which had been girdled.

O-ha'-gi, crowding the bank, was a Tuscarora village on the Genesee, mentioned by Morgan. It suggests the Oneida village recorded by Doty and the name seems the same.

O-he-gech-rage was the name by which the Moravians called Conesus lake in 1750.

O-neh'-da, the hemlock, is Morgan's name for Hemlock lake and outlet. In Cayuga it is De-o-neh'-dah, with the same meaning. Marshall called is Nah'-daeh.

O-ne-o'-ta-de appears on Pouchot's map for the same lake.

Ou-nen-a-ba is said by Doty to have been Belmont's name for Gannounata in 1687. It is probably the latter name misspelled. As given it suggests an Algonquin word, having one labial sound.

Quicksea, a name for Conesus in 1779, seems the same as Yucksea. Sho-no-jo-waah-geh, big kettle, is Doty's name for Mount Morris. He said it was so called by the Indians from a copper still, or large kettle, used there by the whites in making whisky. Marshall's note is: "Sho-noh'-jo-waah-geh ‘At General Morris's.' The General was called by this name, without the suffix geh, which denotes locality." Morgan said that So-no'-jo-wau-ga was the name of Big Kettle, a Seneca chief who lived there. There were several chiefs who had this favorite name.

Sin-non-do-wae-ne was a Seneca castle in 1720, and had its name

from the people of the great or many hills. This is not the usual form.

Sja-unt was the farthest Seneca castle in 1700, and may be a contraction of a common name.

Ska-hase'-ga-o, once a long creek, is Morgan's name for the village of Lima, where a Seneca town once stood. Marshall and Doty differ but slightly, making it Sga'-his-ga-aah, it was a long creek. From Hemlock lake to the Genesee river, the stream on which Lima is midway, is yet a long creek.

Son-nont-ou-an is the usual French form of the name of a castle and of the Seneca nation. It has many variants, and means the people of the great hills.

Son'-yea is 4 miles southeast of Mont Morris, and the name has been defined burning sun and hot valley, both apparently without foundation. It is quite likely to have come from the name of Soneage or Captain Snow, otherwise Soyeawa; or it may be from son-he, thou are living there, as a favorite dwelling place.

Squa'-kie Hill is in Leicester, near the village of Mount Morris, and is said to have had this name from the Squatehegas, who lived there and who may have been a remnant of the Kahkwahs, adopted by the Senecas. David Cusick said they were "a powerful tribe past the banks of the Genesee river." After they were subdued "a remnant of the Squawkeihows were allowed to remain in the country and became vassals to the Five Nations after the conquest. The government ordered the Senecas to settle the country and to build forts on the Genesee river, so as to keep the Squawkhaws in subjection." The place has other names already given, relating to local features.

Te-ga-ron-hi-es appears on Kitchin's map of 1756 as a village on the west side of Genesee river. Lahontan and Hennepin mentioned a Seneca chief of that name, after whom the town may have been called, but when they wrote all the Seneca towns were east of . the river.

Tus-ca-ro'-ra, shirt wearers, is the name of a village now in Mount

Morris.

U-ta-hu'-tan was one of the names of Gawshegwehoh.

Yox-saw, Yuck-sea, and York-jough were among the names given to Conesus in 1779.

Young-haugh was described as being in the open woods of which it was the name in 1779, and 11 miles west of the Indian village just named, but it seems the same word, perhaps given to a large tract of land.

MADISON COUNTY

Nearly all this county was in the original Oneida territory, but for a long time they occupied only the southern part, leaving a broad space between them and the Mohawks, which it required several days to pass. When the Tuscaroras came north they were assigned all the territory between the higher hills and Oneida lake in one direction, and reaching from Oneida to Chittenango creek in the other. Near each of these streams the Tuscaroras had a large town, with smaller ones intervening. The names preserved are mostly in the Oneida and Onondaga dialects. Some Algonquin tribes also found a refuge here, but they have left no names of their

own.

Ah-gote'-sa-ga-nage, where the Stockbridges live, refers to a people adopted by the Oneidas and given a home. The name given refers merely to a fact, its meaning being lost.

Ah-wa'-gee, perch lake, is Morgan's name for Cazenovia lake and village. Variants of this will be given.

Ca-na-das-se-o-a is on a creek flowing into Oneida lake about midway, and not far east of Canassaraga Castle, on Sauthier's map. Accounts of travelers would place it but little west of Oneida creek in 1752. It may have been removed. A. Cusick defined this as a village spread out, somewhat as butter is spread on bread. It was a Tuscarora town, and these had wide streets and ample room. I am inclined to think this a corruption of Ganatisgoa, the name by which the Moravians called the most easterly Tuscarora town.

Ca-na-se-ra'-ga was a name for Cazenovia lake for quite a time, and it thus appears in the act incorporating the village.

Ca-na-se-ra'-ga creek and village are Ka-na'-so-wa'-ga, several strings of beads with a string lying across, according to Morgan and - Seaver. The Onondagas give the same meaning, and the word may allude to some special ceremonial use of wampum. Kanaghseragy was the Tuscarora castle in 1756. The Moravians wrote it Ganochsorage a little before that time, but the sound has been quite uni