of Marengo. The pressure and confusion at the bridges of the Bormida was extreme, and all who could not pass over fell into the power of the victor. It would be difficult to describe the astonishment and dismay of the Austrian army at this sudden change of fortune. General Melas, having no other resource, gave his troops the whole night to rally and take some repose, and the next morning at day-break sent a flag of truce with proposals for an armistice, by which the same day Genoa and all the fortified places in Piedmont, Lombardy, and the Legations were given up to the French army, and by which the Austrian army obtained leave to retire behind Mantua without being made prisoners of war. Thus was the conquest of all Italy achieved by a single blow. Melas obtained such favorable terms from an apprehension that in case of a refusal he might still effect his junction with the English Army of 20,000 men who had just arrived off Genoa and the Austrian garrison of 10,000 men at that place, and because the French had no strong places in Italy. General Suchet marched upon Genoa and entered that city on the 24th of June, which was given up to him by Prince Hohenzollern to the great mortification of our troops who had come in sight of the port. The Italian fortresses were successively given up to the French, and Melas passed with his army through Stadella and Placenza and took up a position behind Mantua. Soon after the battle of Marengo, the Italian patriots were released from the Austrian prisons and returned home amidst the congratulations of their countrymen and cries of "Long live the Liberator of Italy." * * * * * * * * * * The battle of Hohenlinden followed not long after. Moreau pursued his victory, taking possession of Salzburg; Augereau, at the head of the Gallo-Batavian Army, penetrated into Bohemia, and Macdonald passing through the Grison country into the Valteline, formed a communication with Massena. The peace of Luneville was the reluctant consequence, by which Tuscany was ceded to France, and the whole left bank of the Rhine. Each of these conditions was peculiarly galling to the Emperor, because Tuscany belonged to his brother; and as to the provinces on the Rhine, he objected to giving away what was not his to bestow. Had the question been to take what did not belong to him, there would have been less difficulty. Bonaparte set out for Paris the 24th of June through Turin, crossing Mount Cenis, and stopped at Lyons for some time to gratify the curiosity of the inhabitants and to lay the first stone of the Place Bellecour, which had been pulled down in the beginning of the Revolution. He arrived at Paris on the 2d of July, unexpectedly and in the middle of the night; but the next day, as soon as the news was spread abroad, every one ran to testify their eagerness and joy; the laboring classes left their occupations, and the whole city thronged round the court and windows of the Tuilleries to see him to whom France owed another respite from bondage with such unlooked-for triumph. At night every house was illuminated, even the poorest inhabitants taking part in the general rejoicing. It was a day, like which few occur in history; yet in this instance how many such were crowded into the life of a single man! The Pillar of Victory still stands in the Place Vendôme; and the French, reduced to their natural dimensions, sometimes stop to wonder at it. (For the Register.) Eating. The glutton is as great an enemy to his own health and life as the drunkard. The vices of the former are no less criminal than those of the latter; both originating in the same way, both being artificial and unnatural, and both terminating in the ruin of health of body and peace of mind. It was the saying of an epicure, "I take after both my parents, for I eat as fast as my mother, and as much as my father." And he inherited dyspepsia from them both. The necessity of mastication in eating, is as great as the necessity of moderation. If the food, and especially animal food, be swallowed without chewing, its solution in the stomach requires so long a time, that putrefaction or fermentation commences, and then the food is incapable of healthy digestion. Occasional abstinence from food is commendable. Every man must have discovered that after dining heartily upon meat of any kind, there are superinduced a stupor and lassitude unfriendly to mental pursuits of any kind. This fact is probably the foundation of the doctrine taught by some of the disciples of Pythagoras, that man partakes of the nature of the animal, upon whose flesh he feeds. They contended, that in proportion as a man lived upon hog flesh, he approximated to the nature of a hog in his desires, appetites, and habits; and in like manner with respect to the flesh of other animals. And this notion, however laughable, receives confirmation from the fact, that the most carnal, ferocious, and brutal of mankind, have al ways been proverbial for their beastly excess in eating animal food. Hence abstinence and fasting have been so fitly advised and so advantageously practiced, by those who desired reformation from habits of excessive indulgence of carnal and beastly appetites; and hence may be argued the propriety of temperance in the use of animal food, by those who regard health of body and victory over immoral propensities and habits."* Medicine.-A morbid appetite for medicine is an evil in the land. No sooner do some mothers imagine their infants sick, than dose after dose of nauseous physic is forced down their throats, with the barbarity of a savage, thus killing them by kindness, poisoning them, lest they should be sick. Many adults also are victims of the same morbid appetite for medicine. They take it in health, we are told, to prevent their being sick, as in the spring and fall, or when they conceit themselves bilious, The symptoms thus interpreted are generally occasioned by eating too much; and these, as well as most other disorders of the body, in their beginning, might be removed by fasting a day or two, and suffering the powers of nature to be exerted in their own defence; instead of being bled, or swallowing drugs, which disable the body and pervert nature. For a man to take physic, when in health, for fear of being sick, is to imitate the Italian count, on whose tomb it was inscribed, by his own request, "I was well, Sleeping.-Too little sleep consumes the vital spirits; and vertigo, headache, and mental anxiety result, with all their accompaniments of whims and caprices, and irascibility. On the other hand, too much sleep blunts the senses, stupefies the faculties, and debilitates the powers of the mind. The habit in which some people indulge of reading themselves to sleep is very pernicious; so also is the use of rocking and swinging cradles for children. Lying habitually on the back produces nightmare and disturbed sleep. Mattresses are preferable to feather and down beds. Two or more people sleeping together in one bed, although sanctioned from time immemorial, is by no means conducive to health. And the warming of beds, by charcoal fire in particular, by its imparting poisonous vapours to the clothes, is very detrimental to health. One hour's sleep before midnight, is of more importance to the health of the animal economy, than four hours afterwards. Tradesmen and others, who are necessarily employed during part of the night, ought therefore to sleep two or three hours before Dr. Reese's strictures. midnight, even if they are deprived of the remainder of the night. They will find themselves increasingly able to bear the privation of sleep, and both the mind and body will escape those ills, which are inseparable from those who only sleep in the morning, even if the number of hours quadruple those which they are favored with before midnight. Students therefore should invariably retire early, and then they may rise two or three hours before daylight, and pursue their vocation with vigor and effect, while if they read until twelve or one o'clock, and then sleep until ten in the morning, they will feel the effects of their imprudence throughout the day, and lose a relish both for food and sleep. How true, then, the old maxim, "Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise;" and how mistaken are they who sleep in the day time, and keep awake the greater part of the night. Six hours, or seven at most in the twenty-four, should be the limit beyond which we should not pass in health; but for children and aged persons, eight or nine hours are necessary and healthful. Dress.-Heavy black hats in summer absorbing the heat and oppressing the head are to be avoided. Loose neck dresses, loose sleeves, and wristbands should be used. Flannel worn next the skin and suitable night clothing are very conducive to health. Tight lacing and thin dressing are ruinous to the gentler sex. To lace the body in corsets sustained by whale bones and steel busks, and at the same time to expose the arms and neck, and only cover the body with a thin dress, and the feet with thin shoes, in cold weather, is emphatically to light the candle of life at both ends. The Passions.-On the intemperate indulgence of the passions, metaphysicians and medical philosophers in their investigations, have shed much light. And they have demonstrated, that the intemperate indulgence of the passions exerts a peculiar and powerful agency on the corporeal system. The habitual indulgence of joy and hope contributes more to the preservation of health and life, than all the medicines that are comprised in the pharmacopoeia. Yet even hope and joy, these sweeteners of life, may be extravagantly fostered. If hope be cultivated to excess, a disappointment is often attended by ruin to the health of body and mind. Sudden and excessive joy may cause laceration of some of the blood-vessels, spitting of blood, fevers, deprivation of understanding, swooning, and often sudden death. Love, fear, anger, sorrow, grief, despair; all have their accompanying ills to be avoided. And even the religious emotions, in their intemperate indulgence, not only disease the body, but derange the mind. Nervous Apprehensions.-The witty Charles Lamb thus humorously but truthfully writes to Barton, the poet : "You are too apprehensive about your complaint. I know many that are always ailing of it, yet live on to good old age. The best way in these cases is to keep yourself as ignorant as you can -as ignorant as the world was before Galen-of the entire inner construction of the animal man; not to be conscious of a midriff; to hold kidneys (save of sheep and swine) to be an agreeable fiction; not to know whereabout the gall grows; to account the circulation of the blood a mere idle whim of Harvey's; to acknowledge no mechanism, not visible. For once, fix the seat of your disorder, and your fancies flux into like so many bad humors. Those medical gentry choose each his favorite part-one takes the lungs, another the aforesaid liver, and refers to that whatever in the animal economy is amiss. Above all use exercise, continue to have a good conscience, and avoid tamperings with hard terms of art-viscosity, schirrosity, and those bugbears by which simple patients are scared into their graves. Believe the general sense of the mercantile world, which holds that desks are not deadly. It is the mind, good B., and not the limbs, that taints by long sitting. Think of the patience of tailors-think how long the Lord Chancellor sits; think of the setting hen." OBSERVATIONS ON THE CURRENCY OF THE UNITED STATES. (BY S. D. INGHAM.*) In compliance with an earnest request to that effect by persons entitled to very respectful consideration, the undersigned has consented to put on paper some suggestions in relation to the approaching crisis in the monetary system of the United States. Having undertaken a laborious examination of this complex subject, preparatory to an official report, some twenty years ago, and being thus prepared to give it a more intelligent consideration since, as successive occasions have brought it into special notice, he persuades himself that he has clearer views of the facts and principles involved in this great question, than he might otherwise have had, and especially of some opinions then entertained which he now deems erroneous, and feels some obligation to endeavor to place in their proper light. * Formerly Secretary of the Treasury. |