when acting as a court in what we call equity cases, we refer to it as the Circuit Court in Chancery. The courts of law are limited in their proceedings to certain actions, and according to certain rules. In most cases these actions and rules will enable the courts to do justice by the parties. But as in some cases justice cannot be done to the parties in any of the forms of action known to the courts of law, the case must be submitted to a court not bound by such strict rules.

The courts of law render a general judgment, that a party recover a certain sum of money, or the possession of certain property. The law then directs how that judgment shall be enforced.

The decision or determination of a Court of Chancery is called a decree. This decree, unlike a simple judgment, often contains qualifications, conditions and arrangements to be carried out in the future-such conditions and arrangements as, under the circumstances of the particular case, are just and equitable.

Supreme Court―This court consists of four Justices, who hold their offices for eight years. The people elect one of these Justices every two years, at the Spring election.

The one whose term of office first expires, acts as Chief Justice.

The following will show the names of the present (1874) Justices of the Supreme Court, and the times at which their terms of office will expire:

BENJAMIN F. GRAVES, December 31, 1875.

The Supreme Court has a general superintending control over all the other courts of the State, to prevent and correct

errors and abuses therein. Where, for instance, a Circuit Court has determined a matter pending before it, and a party in interest conceives that in the investigation or determination, the Court has erred in applying the rules of law, the case may be removed to the Supreme Court for review and correction.

In cases tried before the Circuit Court in Chancery, an appeal may be taken to the Supreme Court. In case persons are wrongfully restrained of their liberty, the Supreme Court has power to discharge them. If inferior courts refuse to discharge duties required of them by law, the Supreme Court has power to compel them to proceed; or, it may prevent them from proceeding in a matter without legal authority.

Where it is claimed that inferior courts or tribunals have proceeded in a matter different from the course prescribed by law, the Supreme Court may compel such court or tribunal to certify and send up its proceedings, and thereupon that Court may correct the error, if any has been committed.

The Supreme Court holds four terms each year, at the Capitol.

Questions-To what do the duties of the Probate Court chiefly pertain ? What is a will? What is the duty of the Probate Judge in relation to the proving of wills? If a person die without a will, what is the duty of the Probate Court in relation to the property of the deceased? What are some of the other powers of Probate Courts? Into how many judicial circuits is the State divided? What is the term for which Circuit Judges are elected? How often are the Circuit Courts held in each organized county? What is the jurisdiction of Circuit Courts? What are the number of jurors required to try a cause in the Circuit Court? May criminal causes in the Circuit Court, be tried without a jury?

When is the Circuit Court said to be sitting as a Court of Chancery? What is the necessity or occasion for Courts of Chancery? What do we call the decision of a Court of Chancery? Wherein does it differ from a

judgment in a Court of Law? Of how many justices is the Supreme Court composed? Which Justice acts as Chief Justice? Name the Justices and times when their terms of office will expire. What is the general jurisdiction of the Supreme Court? Where are the sessions of the Supreme Court held? How many terms of the Supreme Court are held each year?

CHAPTER XXX.

PUBLIC INSTRUCTION

DISTRICT SCHOOLS-SCHOOL OFFICERS,

THEIR POWERS-PENALTY FOR FAILURE TO SEND CHIL-
DREN TO SCHOOL.

The various townships of the State are divided into school districts, by the School Inspectors. The district officers are a Moderator, a Director, and an Assessor.

The voters of the district are required to meet together on the first Monday of September in each year, to elect a district officer and to vote upon such other matters as may be legally brought before them. Other meetings may be called for certain purposes.

The school officers hold their terms of office for three years; the Moderator being elected one year, the Director the next year, and the Assessor the next, and so on.

The persons qualified to vote at a school meeting are, all electors at a township meeting, and every person, three months a resident in the district, and twenty-one years of age, liable to pay a district tax, whether male or female. The voters at a regular school meeting may designate a site for a school house, or may change such site by a similar vote. The voters also have power to direct the purchasing or leasing of such site; also the building, hiring, or purchasing of a school

house; but unless the number of children in the district, between the ages of five and twenty years shall exceed fifty, no more than one thousand dollars shall be raised for such purposes in any one year.

The Moderator, Director and Assessor constitute the District Board. It is their duty to hire teachers; to buy school books for poor children; to determine what books shall be used in the schools; to report to the Supervisor the amount of money to be raised by tax for the support of the school, and may establish all needful regulations for its management.

School districts containing more than one hundred children, between the ages of five and twenty years, may elect a District Board to consist of six trustees. Such trustees have power to classify and grade the scholars in their district, and cause them to be taught in such schools or departments as they may deem expedient; to establish a High School, when ordered by a vote of the district, and to perform such other duties as are usually performed by the District Board already mentioned.

It is made, by law, the duty of parents and others having the charge of any child or children, between the ages of eight and fourteen years, to send such child or children, if able to attend, to a public school for a period of at least twelve weeks in each year; and a failure to do so subjects them to a fine of not less than five nor more than ten dollars for the first offense, nor less than ten nor more than twenty dollars for the second, and every subsequent offense.

Questions-Into what districts do School Inspectors divide townships? At what time is the annual district meeting held? For what purpose is it held? Name the school officers and their terms of office. What are the qualifications of voters at a school meeting? Mention some of the powers of voters at a school meeting. Who constitute the District Board? Mention some of their duties. What is said of cther districts? What does

the law require of parents and others in relation to sending children under their charge to school? What is the penalty for a failure to comply with the provisions of this law?

CHAPTER XXXI.

THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL-STATE UNIVERSITY -AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE-STATE PUPLIC SCHOOL.

State Normal School.-This was established and designed. to prepare persons for teaching.

After a person has attended the Normal School for twenty-two weeks, such person, if qualified, is entitled to a certificate to that effect from the Principal, to be approved by the Superintendent of Public Instruction.

By an Act of the Legislature of 1871, it is provided that the State Board of Education may grant diplomas to such students as shall have completed the full course of instruction in the Normal School, and shall have been recommended by the Board of Instruction.

The person receiving such diploma is entitled to a certificate from the Board of Instruction, which shall serve as a legal certificate of qualification to teach in the primary schools of any township in this State.

The Normal School is supported, chiefly, from the interest arising from moneys realized from the sale of twenty-five sections of land appropriated for its support in 1849.

University of Michigan.-In 1826, Congress appropriated two entire townships of land for the establishment of a University in Michigan. Soon after the State was organized, the University was established.