and Oxfordshire. They are mentioned by Cæsar, but not by Ptolemy.

Ancrum Moor, BATTLE OF (Feb. 17, 1544), was fought in Roxburghshire, between the forces of Henry VIII., headed by Sir Ralph Evans and Sir Brian Latour, and the Scots, under the Earl of Angus, Scott of Buccleuch, and the Master of Rothes. The English were completely beaten, owing to their desertion by the Borderers who had joined them.

Anderida (Andredes-ceasTER), the name of a Roman fortress and settlement on the Sussex coast, which Camden placed at Newenden, in Kent, and others have considered to have been situated at Hastings, Chichester, or under the downs near Eastbourne, where, in 1717, Roman pavements, baths, and other remains were found. Most modern authorities agree in placing it on the site of Pevensey. The town was taken and burnt by the Saxons, under Ella, in 491, and the site was a desolate ruin in the time of Henry of Huntingdon. The Forest of Anderida (Andredes-weald) was the great belt of wood which stretched across south-eastern England through Hampshire, Kent, and Surrey, having a length of more than seventy, and in some places a breadth of over thirty, miles. The district still called the Weald may be held to mark out roughly the extent of the closer portions of this forest. [FORESTS.]

Henry of Huntingdon, Hist. Anglor., ii. § 10, &c.; Lower, Sussex.

Anderson, SIR EDMUND (b. 1540, d. 1605), one of Elizabeth's judges, was employed in the prosecutions of the Jesuits, as Queen's Sergeant, 1581. In the following year he was made Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, an office which he retained until his death. In 1586 he tried the conspirators in Babington's plot, and was one of the commissioners at the trial of Mary Queen of Scots, in Oct., 1586. He subsequently tried Davison for the issue of the warrant.

Anderton, William (d. 1693), was a violent Jacobite pamphleteer, in the reign of William III. For two years he evaded the government agents, but was at length traced to a house near St. James's Street. He attempted to conceal his press, but it was discovered, together with a tract called Remarks on the Present Confederacy and the Late Revolution. He was indicted for high treason before Treby at the Old Bailey. He denied that he had printed the libels. was argued in his favour, moreover, that, as printing was unknown in the reign of Edward III., it could not be construed into an overt act of treason, and that, under the statute of that sovereign, a further distinction ought to be made between the author of a treasonable pamphlet and the man who merely printed it. He was, however, found guilty, and after being kept for some time in suspense, in the

It

hope that he would betray his accomplices, was executed.

Cobbett's State Trials, xii. 1246; Ralph, Hist. of Eng. under William III., &c.

André, Major John (b.1751, d.1780), was the son of a London merchant. Entering the army, he rose rapidly. He was appointed to serve under General Howe in America, and, when Sir H. Clinton succeeded Howe, was made adjutant-general. His tact and ability in this position caused him to be selected, in the month of September, 1780, to superintend the negotiations for the surrender of West Point, on the Hudson River. The man he had to deal with on the other side was Arnold, an American general whose ambition was not satisfied with his position. An arrangement was made between the two for a meeting, to take place on the 17th, when Washington would be absent. The sloop which was carrying André to the meeting-place ran aground, and Arnold, on hearing of the mishap, refused to come down himself, but sent for André to come to him. André, on his return, found the sloop gone, and could not induce the boatmen to put off to her. He accordingly returned to Arnold, who persuaded him to exchange his uniform for a countryman's dress, and go back to the British lines by land. He accomplished the greater part of the journey in safety, and was already in sight of the British lines, when he was arrested, and, in spite of Arnold's passport, carried back to Washington. A court of inquiry was forthwith held; André was found to be a spy, and sentenced to death. Washington was most unwilling to carry out the sentence, and he endeavoured to seize Arnold, the real offender, in order to be able to release André. But Arnold was not to be found; and on Oct. 2, André met his fate with perfect composure. Washington himself declaring that he was more unfortunate than criminal. His bones were afterwards brought to England, and have been interred in Westminster Abbey.

J. Sparks, Life of Arnold; Rose, Biogr. Dict.

Andros, Sir Edmund (b. 1637, d. 1713), became governor of New York in 1674, and in 1685 was appointed governor of New England by James II. His administration was so unpopular with the colonists that, in 1688, all the colonies subject to him revolted, and he was sent back to England for trial, but acquitted. In 1692 he went out as governor of Virginia, holding the office with credit to himself and advantage to the country until 1698.

Angel was the name of a gold coin, first introduced into England in 1465. The value of an angel was originally 8s. 4d., but in Edward VI.'s time it was raised to 10s. It derived its name from the representation of the Archangel Michael which appeared on it.

Angels continued to be coined down to the reign of Charles I. [COINAGE.]

Angevins, THE, sometimes called PLANTAGENETS. Anjou first became connected with England by the marriage, in 1127, of Matilda, daughter of Henry I., with Geoffrey V., Count of Anjou. Their son Henry became King of England, as well as Count of Anjou. Anjou remained united to England till 1205, when Philip Augustus conquered it, and annexed it to the French crown.

For

a short time, during the reigns of Henry V. and Henry VI., it was again united to England; but in 1444 the latter king, on his marriage with Margaret of Anjou, ceded his claims. The Angevin rulers filled as great a space in the history of the Middle Ages as the Hapsburgs have done in more modern times. The first Count of Anjou was Fulk the Red, who at the end of the ninth century was thus rewarded for his services against the Northmen. But by the twelfth century, when the petty counts had added Saintonge, Maine, and Touraine to their territory, men began to throw their origin further back, into legends of an heroic champion, Ingelger, son of the wild Breton hunter, Tortulf; and accounted for that fitful energy and successful unscrupulousness which marked the whole race, by tales of an ancestress, who had been an evil spirit or a witch in guise of a lovely countess. In Fulk the Good there appears the other side of the Angevin character: the literary, poetic, and artistic tastes strong in Henry III. and Edward III., in Richard I. and Richard II., and partly shared by Henry II. and John; the capacity for business and the organising power which distinguished Henry II. and Edward I. So, too, the physical prowess of Richard I. was an inheritance from his ancestor, Geoffrey Greygown, the third count; while the fourth count, Fulk the Black, in his successful adventurousness, his restless pilgrimages to Jerusalem, his cruel revenges on his wife and son, seems to anticipate familiar stories of our own Plantagenet kings. With Fulk's son, Geoffrey Martel, the original Angevin line ends, to be continued by his daughter's marriage with Geoffrey of the House of Orleans. Their son, Fulk Rechin, "to whom alone it is due that the charge of trickery is urged against this family," brought upon himself many enemies and some disasters. The next count, Fulk the Young, had already secured Maine by marriage; and his successor, Geoffrey the Handsome, called Plantagenet, by his marriage with the Empress Matilda, heiress to Henry I. of England, raised to its climax the long advancement of his house. Their son, Henry II. of England, succeeded, in 1151, to Anjou, Maine, and Touraine from his father, and Normandy from his mother, and received, in 1152, Poitou, Limoges, Auvergne, Guienne, and

Gascony, with Eleanor, the divorced wife of Louis of France. He was crowned King of England in 1154, made himself Lord of Ireland in 1171, exacted full homage from the captive King of Scots in 1174, and obtained for his second son, Geoffrey, the succession to Brittany by marriage. In 1170 Anjou was set apart, with Maine and Normandy, to form a temporary dominion for his eldest son, Henry, as Aquitaine was for Richard, Brittany for Geoffrey, and Ireland for John. But with the accession of John "Lackland," Anjou, like most of the other French possessions of the English crown, passed to Philip of France in 1202. Before this, Ralph de Diceto, finding a pious explanation for the success which had now reached such a height, had declared "the prophecy made to Fulk the Good by the leper whom he carried so piously (and who was none other than the Saviour Himself), that his seed should prosper to the ninth generation, is being fulfilled." But most men spoke otherwise of the Angevins. Thus Giraldus Cambrensis, not content with recounting their diabolic origin, St. Bernard's prediction of their curse, and Richard Coeur de Lion's gloomy acceptance of it ("Let us fight; son with father, brother with brother; it is instinct in our family: from the devil we all came, to the devil we shall all go "), draws out furthermore the calamitous end of all the offspring of Eleanor, as a vengeance foretold for her parents' adulterous union; he recites the visions which warned holy men of the punishment reserved for Henry II.'s sins against the Church, and points the moral of the breakdown of that great king's empire, after all his subtle schemes and his toilsome, gainful life, before the divinelyfavoured roval house of France. This indeed was the feeling which many men had about the Angevins; not without some reason. "They remind us," says Dr. Stubbs, "of those unhappy spirits who, throughout the Middle Ages, were continually spending superhuman strength in building in a night inaccessible bridges and uninhabitable castles, or purchasing with untold treasures souls that might have been had for nothing, and invariably cheated of their reward." There is, indeed, in all the English kings of this race, even in Edward I., something of this waste of vast energies upon futile results, which are no sooner grasped than they crumble in the hand. They had not, with all their insight, that rare gift of penetrating to the real heart of their age, the gift that only sympathy with it can give. Even Edward I. could not see that he was, in his own despite, making of Scotland what he had already made of England-a self-governing patriotic nation. Yet to this dynasty England owes much. Henry II. not only finally defeated the feudal class by superseding its privileged jurisdic tion, by subduing it to his strong centralised

and of the earliest-known English system. In the sixth century, at various but unknown dates, and by many but unconnected expeditions, the Angles crossed over to Britain, and conquered to their own use the whole of the east coast, from the Stour to the Forth. Pushing steadily their encroachments westwards, and slaying, expelling, or enslaving the bulk at least of the natives, they eventually formed several powerful kingdoms, and not a few smaller statesfought and prospered until two-thirds of the conquered land had passed into their possession. This great movement is believed to have caused an exhaustive migration of the race; Bede is our authority for a report that their fatherland was without inhabitants even in his time. Yet some will have it that their name still abides there in the local term, Angeln. In Britain, though they just missed winning political supremacy, they fixed their name ineffaceably on the whole German population and the land it lived in.

Many have speculated upon, but none gained any solid knowledge of, their distinguishing characteristics; it would seem, however, that wherever they differed from their Saxon brethren, they more nearly resembled their Danish cousins.

Elton, Origins of English History, ch. xii.; Stubbs, Constitutional History, ch. iii.; Skene, Celtic Scotland, book i., ch. iv.; and the works

of Tacitus, Ptolemy, and Bede. [J. R.] Anglesey (Latin, Mona; Welsh, Môn), an island and county of North Wales, was in the earliest times celebrated as the headquarters of Druidism, and therefore of resistance to the Romans. It was conquered by Suetonius Paulinus in A.D. 61, and again more thoroughly by Agricola in 78. On the withdrawal of the Romans, it became the centre of the power of the kings of North Wales, or Gwynedd, and Gildas calls the famous Maelgwn "insularis draco." Yet it was conquered, with much other Welsh territory, by Edwin of Northumbria (Bede, ii. 5), and perhaps this Anglian conquest explains Nennius-"Mona insula quæ Anglice Englesei vocatur id est insula Anglorum" (Mon. Hist. Brit., 52 D.). But Northumbria soon fell, and the "isle of the English" became Welsh again. It contained Aberffraw, the chief palace of the kings of Gwynedd. During the ninth, tenth, and eleventh centuries, it was repeatedly ravaged by the Danes, who very probably effected permanent settlements in it. After

the Norman Conquest, it became the battleground of Irish Dane, native Welsh, and Norman adventurers. Under William Rufus, it was more than once captured by Earl Hugh of Chester, when the French reduced all to be Saxons" (Brut-y-Tys., sub an. 1096). Again, in 1098, it was the scene of the exploits of Magnus of Norway, and of the death of Hugh. But it soon got back its liberty, and has retained to this day that in

tensely Welsh character (Môn mam Cymru ") which makes its name 80 misleading. It continued the home of the princes of North Wales until the fall of Llewelyn ap Gruffydd annexed the principality to the crown, and it was erected into a regular county by Henry VIII. [COUNTIES, WELSH.]

Rowland's Mona Antiqua Restaurata hopelessly confuses the history with fable. A History of Anglesey (London, 1775) is little better. The chief facts are in Miss Williams' History of Wales, and Freeman, William Rujus, vi. 127, seq. [T. F. T.]

in

Anglesey, PEERAGE OF. In 1628 Sir Francis Annesley, of Newport Pagnell, Bucks, was created Baron Mount Norris in the peerage of Ireland, and Viscount Valentia. It was this nobleman who was arbitrarily tried and condemned to death by Strafford, when Lord Deputy in 1635. Arthur, second Viscount Valentia (1614-1686), was, 1645, sent as Commissioner to Ulster to oppose Owen Roe O'Neil. After the death of Cromwell, he was President of the Council of State, and took a considerable share in bringing about the Restoration. In 1660 he was created Earl of Anglesey in the peerage of England. During the life of Richard, sixth Earl of Anglesey, the title and estates were claimed by James Annesley, who asserted that he was the son of the fourth Earl. [For the litigation which ensued on this claim, see ANNESLEY'S CASE.] As a result of this litigation, it was held that the earldom of Anglesey became extinct in 1761, on the death of the sixth Earl. In 1815 the title of Marquis of Anglesey was conferred on Henry Paget, Earl of Uxbridge.

Anglesey, Arthur Annesley, 5TH EARL OF (d. 1737), held several posts in Ireland in the reign of Queen Anne. In 1711 he hastened from Ireland to take part in the debates on the war, and commented severely on the exhaustion of the country, hinting that Marlborough had averted peace from interested motives. But on a subsequent occasion he attacked the ministry, and publicly apologised for the part he had played in politics. During the last years of Queen Anne, he was one of the leaders of the faction of Hanoverian Tories, whom Swift calls the "Whimsicals." He was one of the Lords Justices appointed to administer the kingdom between the death of Anne and the arrival of George I.

Anglesey, Henry William Paget, 1ST MARQUIS OF (b. 1768, d. 1854), eldest son of Henry, first Earl of Uxbridge, in 1794 served under the Duke of York in Flanders, and again in Holland in 1799, as colonel of a dragoon regiment. In December, 1808, he joined Sir John Moore's force as a majorgeneral, and greatly distinguished himself by the manner in which he covered the dis