Col. Sibley had failed-if the column of troops under his commard had met with a reverse, there would undoubtedly have been a rising of the Chippewas and Winnebagoes against the whites, and many of the counties west of the Mississippi would have been entirely depopulated. Indeed, it seems that the dream that the nation was growing weak-bleeding to death was running through the brains of savages as well as through the heads of men and nations which claim to be civilized; and that Little Crow, in a speech to his warriors, on the night previous to the battle of Wood Lake, stated the programme to be, "first, the defeat and destruction of the old men and boys composing (as he said) the command of Col. Sibley; and second, the immediate descent thereafter of himself and his people to St. Paul, there to dispose summarily of the whites, and there establish themselves comfortably in winter quarters." Surely this was a grand projecta sublime plan of blood, pillage and triumph; but fortunately for civilization, the people of St. Paul, the infant state of Minnesota, and her noble governor, it was not to be consummated. No, no, thank Heaven! but the reverse in every important particular. The raven's wing was broken the trembling dove (the captives) released, succored and solaced; and the enterprising, young and spunky state of Minnesota saw her foes at her feet, without the aid of men from abroad, and without withholding her share of men needed to put down a mammoth rebellion.

The military authorities at Washington, and also Maj. Gen. Pope, commanding the Department of the Northwest, deemed it proper that a second campaign should be entered upon against the refugees who had been concerned in the massacres, and had fled to the bands of Sioux in the upper prairies, and found harbor and hospitality. In accordance with this idea, Gen. Sully, commanding the district of Upper Missouri, and Gen. Sibley, commanding the district of Minnesota, were summoned to the headquarters of the department at Milwaukee, Wis., to confer with Gen. Pope. There it was decided that these two commanders with a large force should, in the early spring of 1863, march from Sioux City, on the Missouri, and from a designated point on the Minnesota river, respectively, and that the two columns should

join at Devil's Lake, where it was supposed the main body of the Indians would be encountered. The force under Gen. Sully was to be cavalry, and that of Gen. Sibley three regiments of infantry, one regiment of cavalry, and two sections of light artillery. This programme was carried out in part, or in the following manner: "The Minnesota column reached the point of rendezvous after a most weary and, indeed, distressing march, the summer being exceedingly warm, and the prairies parched with the excessive drought. Learning from the Red river half-breeds that the large Indian camps were to be found on the Missouri coteau, in the direction from which Gen. Sully was expected, Gen. Sibley left the sore footed and weary of his men and animals in an entrenched camp on the upper Cheyenne river, and set out to find the refugees. He succeeded in falling in with a camp in which were many of the refugees, and several hundred warriors, whom he attacked and defeated with considerable loss, and followed them as they retreated upon other and stronger camps, the tenants of which were driven back in confusion successively, until the Missouri river was interposed as a barrier to the advance of the pursuing column."

The command of Gen. Sully, delayed by unexpected obstacles, was not fallen in with, and the Minnesota troops having accomplished more than was allotted to them in the cooperative movement, and having secured their own frontier from apprehension of further serious raids on the part of hostile Sioux, returned to their quarters in their own state. The same year (1863) Little Crow was shot in the Big Woods by a man named Lamson, while with a party of Indians he made a descent upon the frontier with the object of stealing horses. And his son, who was with him, was subsequently taken prisoner, near Devil's Lake, by a portion of Gen. Sibley's men, and condemned to die, by military commission; but was afterward pardoned on account of his extreme youth.

Thus ends this brief but bloody chapter of war and Indian plotting, and barbarity - thus died away the wild war songs of those brown and boasting sons of the forest; and their graves and their war path are to day overgrown with grass or planted to orchards, gardens and grain.

CHAPTER XLIX.

FAIRMOUNT EXPOSITION - THE GREAT CENTENNIAL.

IT has been the custom with foreigners for many years past, to speak disparagingly of our Fourth of July celebrations, as occasions of individual and national self glorification, not warranted, or at any rate not demanded, by the facts of our origin and development as an independent people. There will be a still better opportunity for such reflections in connection with the grand display in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, which will celebrate the one hundredth anniversary of our Declaration of Independence; but only the most empty, and therefore most sonorous of declaimers, will have the folly to continue that role in view of the great results which can be chronicled, as the oute ..e of our progress. It is not pretended for one moment that we owe all the blessings which are now being enjoyed by more than forty millions of free and prosperous people, to the Declaration of Independence, which dates from 1776, nor to the constitution and laws which have succeeded that enunciation of human rights; our history is an answer to all such unfounded claims, and universal history has been written to little purpose, if we have not been taught that laws are powerless to render a population wise, prosperous and happy, unless the people carry in their own hearts and intellects the capacity with which sound legislation can cooperate for worthy ends. Two cities may be contrasted with some advantage in determining the power that resides in individuals, as factors of their own advancement and in the march of national progression. The same declaration of independence that was received with plaudits in Faneuil Hall, "the cradle of liberty" in Boston, the metropolis of Massachusetts, was welcomed in Charleston, the metropolis of South Carolina, with like enthusiasm when the Continental congress and the people therein represented, were com pelled to submit their just demands to the hazards of a sanguinary

contest, between scattered colonies not absolutely unanimous in their views, and containing in the aggregate less than three million souls, and the then most powerful nation in the world, directed with the rage almost bordering on insanity, of the autocrat George III. The two communities were sufficiently near to each other in age and in material advantages to give free scope for personal influences to operate in securing for one city or the other decided preeminence, and they started fairly on the same race assisted by all the power that resided in the declaration, the constitution and the laws of the federation. Let us see what were the results so far as Charleston was concerned until the year 1860, that we may the more readily comprehend the problem which has been solved in blood since that eventful period. The settlement dates from the year 1680, and the confluence of the Cooper and Ashley rivers afforded abundant facilities not only for the commerce of that time, but for whatever increase human energy and ingenuity may succeed in bringing to that spot, exquisitely favored by nature and position, only eight miles from the Atlantic ocean. The colony of Port Royal, founded in 1670 by the English, had by two removes determined their appreciation of the value of the site of Charleston and the population was made up of contributions from the Swiss mountaineers, the Huguenots of France, the impulsive Celt from Ireland, and the Teutons sturdy in war as in industry, added to the English stock already mentioned. The state constitution was adopted in March, 1776, consequently there was fixity as to the institutions under which the people were to expand into their natural proportions. The constitution of the union was duly ratified in 1798; but the state inherited from the evil customs insisted upon by England in its earlier days, the blighting influence of negro slavery, casting odium upon labor; and in consequence, the white population in the state did not increase one hundred per cent. in sixty years, and in the year 1870 there were 26 negroes in Charleston for every 22 of the superior race. The population of Charleston in 1800 was 18,711, twenty years brought up the number to 24,780, and the following decades up to 1860, showed increasing aggregates, with an occasional retrogression of 30,289; 29,261; 42,985 and 40,467. Carrying on the enumeration to the next ten years, the population amounted to

only 48,956; and although it might be argued that the terrible events which transpired from the first shot fired at Fort Sumter, to the final evacuation of Charleston in 1865, were the inevitable results of a policy long pursued; yet every purpose of comparison can be served by carrying the statement no further than 1860. The siege and bombardment which lasted nearly two years, until the rebellion approached its end could not be called to account for the stunted development which was manifest before the internecine war began. There were nearly fifty-four miles of streets prior to that time, and the banking capital of the city amounted to $3,000,000, besides five savings banks. There were colleges and educational establishments, a public library of 24,000 volumes, besides similar institutions on a smaller scale; there were benevolent asylums for various purposes and hospitals and charities for the sick and infirm; but in every department there was a diminutive aspect suited to the status of the people, hardly to be compared with for development elsewhere. Trade, manufactures and commerce were striving to push the community ahead, but the drag upon every wheel was the luxurious idleness in which the better class indulged while they spent upon their creature comforts the wealth which further east would have been invested in remunerative undertakings. There were good men and true in every walk of life, striving to carry into practice the maxims of the founders of our liberty; but the wrong start made every step a further departure from the true principles of growth; so that notwithstanding all the drawbacks incidental to the war, it may be hoped that the actual cautery and rough surgery of conflict will in the end materially assist Charleston to realize its proper place among the cities of the union.

Turning now to Boston, a very brief survey will enable us to summarize a widely differing fortune. The fifty-four miles of made streets in Charleston find a set off in three hundred and sixty miles of roadway well macadamized, and at every step the visitor is reminded of the daily increasing wealth of the population. The capitol may be passed as a contribution due to the state, although an undoubted ornament to the city, and the custom house, built at a cost of $1,000,000, is only in an inferential way a proof of the greater advance made by Boston; but the city