in civil and criminal cases, in chancery and at common law. In 1868, the assembly established twenty-four circuits, in each of which a circuit judge is elected for four years."

state.

Des Moines, on the river of the same name, is the capital of the The principal cities are: Davenport, Keokuk, Dubuque, Cedar Falls, Waterloo, Waverly, Independence, McGregor, Clinton, Lyons, Burlington, Maquoketa, Fairfield, Iowa City, Fort Madison, Cedar Rapids, Winterset, Oskaloosa, Marshalltown, Glenwood, Muscatine, Council Bluffs, Ottumwa, Fort Dodge and Sioux City.

POPULATION. The state of Kansas is rapidly increasing in population. In 1860, there were 107,206 inhabitants, and in 1870, 364,399, an increase during the last census decade of 147 per cent. The population in 1870 comprised 346,377 whites, 17,108 colored persons and 9,814 Indians, of whom 914 were out of tribal relations; about 5,900 were living on reservations and agencies, and about 3,000 led a nomadic life. The great majority of the inhabitants, viz.: 316,007, were natives of the United States, including 63,351 natives of the state, 1,402 natives of Connecticut; 35,558, of Illinois; 30,953, of Indiana; 13,073, of Iowa; 15,918, of Kentucky; 1,837, of Maine; 2,067 of Maryland; 2,894, of Massachusetts; 4,466, of Michigan; 29,775, of Missouri; 1,158, of New Hampshire; 1,845, of New Jersey; 18,558, of New York; 3,602, of North Carolina; 38,205, of Ohio; 19,287, of Pennsylvania; 6,209, of Tennessee; 2,370, of Vermont; 9,906, of Virginia and West Virginia, and 4,128, of Wisconsin. The foreign population was 48,392, of whom 5,324 were natives of British America; 1,274, of France; 12,775 of Germany; 6,161, of England; 10,950, of Ireland; 1,531, of Scotland; 1,021, of Wales, and

588, of Sweden and Norway. The total population of ten years and more of age numbered 258,051, of whom 73,228 were engaged in agriculture; 20,736, in professional and personal services; 11,762, in trade and transportation, and 18,126, in manufacturing, mining and mechanical trades, making an aggregate of persons pursuing useful occupations of 123,852.

MANUFACTURES. - Possessing abundant facilities for manufacturing, Kansas is already on the highway of success in this direction. There were in the state, according to the census report, 1,477 establishments, employing 254 steam engines with 6,300 horse power, 6,844 hands, and a capital of $4,319,060. The value of products was $11,775,833, and of raw materials consumed, $6,112,163. The wages paid amounted to $2,377,511; among the principal articles manufactured are flour and meal, malt liquors, boots and shoes, carriages and wagons, furniture, iron castings, saddlery and harness, tin, copper and sheet iron ware, tobacco and cigars, and woolen goods.,

RAILROADS AND COMMERCE.-The state of Kansas has many commercial advantages, and the trade of the state is growing rapidly. The trade in Kansas in round numbers annually is $114,000,000, of which $30,000,000 is represented by the transactions. of Leavenworth. The trade in Texas cattle has become a very important branch of business. Large herds are yearly brought by Texan drovers to points along the Pacific railroad. Abiline is the principal cattle depot, and in 1870, 50,000 head were sent east from this point, while in 1871, the number moved at the same point was 150,000. With the construction of new lines of railway, Kansas will reach a high point, commercially. In 1864, the state had but 40 miles of railroads; in 1866, 240 miles; in 1868, 648 miles; in 1870, 1,501 miles; and in 1872, 1,760 miles. The following are the principal roads: Kansas Pacific Railroad, from Kansas City, Missouri, to Denver, Colorado (6381⁄2 miles); a branch from Lawrence to Leavenworth (34 miles long); Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, from Atchison to state line (450 miles); Leavenworth, Atchison and Northwestern Railroad, (21‡ miles); Leavenworth, Lawrence and Galveston, from Leavenworth to Parker, on the southern state line (143 miles); Missouri, Kansas

and Texas Railroad, from Junction City to Preston, Texas (432 miles); and a line from Sedalia, Missouri, to Parsons (160 miles); Missouri River, Fort Scott and Gulf Railroad, from Kansas City, Missouri, to Baxter on the state line (161 miles).

EDUCATION, CHARITIES, ETC.-The educational interests of the state of Kansas are now in a very prosperous and efficient condition. The state "has five universities. The state university at Lawrence was organized in 1864, and embraces a collegiate and a preparatory course. It has a splendid building, on a hill called Mount Oread, and is admirably provided with all the appliances required by the most advanced methods of instruction. Professorships of drawing and practical chemistry have lately been added. to the faculty. The library and the collection of apparatus are increasing rapidly. In 1870, it had 9 professors and 213 students. The Ottawa University was organized in 1860 by the Baptist church of the state; Lane University, at Lecompton, in 1859; Baker University, at Baldwin City, in 1858; and Highland University, at Highland, in 1859. The census reports 11 classical institutions, with 63 teachers and 904 pupils, and 4 technical schools, inclusive of the State Agricultural School at Manhattan, which has an endowment of 90,000 acres, has 10 instructors, 194 pupils, and a library of 3,000 volumes. Kansas had, according to the census, 2,068 organized school districts, with 1,663 public schools, having 1,864 teachers, and 58,030 pupils. The number of persons between 5 and 21 years of age was 109,242. The charitable institutions already established are in successful operation. The Asylum for the Insane is at Osawatomie, the Asylum for the Blind at Wyandotte City, and the Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb at Olathe."

GOVERNMENT. The government of the state of Kansas is much the same as that of the other states. "The governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, auditor, treasurer, superintendent of public instruction, and attorney general, are elected for a term of two years. The senate is composed of 25 members, elected for two years, and the house of representatives of 75 members, elected for one year. The legislature meets annually on the second Tuesday in January. Male citizens of the United States, or per

sons of foreign birth, who shall have declared their intention to become citizens, are entitled to vote after having resided six months in the state and 30 days in the township. The supreme court consists of a chief justice and two associate justices, who are elected for six years. The state is divided into nine judicial districts, in each of which a district court is held, the judges of which are elected for four years." Topeka is the capital of the state, Leavenworth is the metropolis, and there are quite a number of thriving cities.

CHAPTER XXXVII.

THE STATE OF NEBRASKA.

Population Manufactures-Education - Commerce - Railroads - Government.

POPULATION. The state of Nebraska is rapidly increasing in population and wealth. In 1860, the state had a population of 28,841, and in 1870, 122,993. Of these, 92,245 were natives of the United States, including 18,425 natives of the state. The foreign born population numbered 30,748; of whom 2,635 were born in British America, 10,954 in Germany, 299 in Austria, 593 in Switzerland, 2,352 in Sweden, 506 in Norway, 4,616 in England, Scotland and Wales, and 4,999 in Ireland. The colored population was small, numbering but 789, and the last census reports but 87 Indians.

MANUFACTURES.While the manufacturing interests of Nebraska are as yet but little developed, the prospect for future growth is good. In 1870, there were 670 manufacturing establishments, employing 1,865 horse power in steam engines, 1,446 horse power in water wheels, 2,665 operatives, and $2,169,963 of capital. The products had a value of $5,738,512; $1,429,913 of wages were paid, and $2,902,074 worth of raw materials were consumed. The principal products of industry were flour and

meal, $1,516,150; boots and shoes, $195,722; carpentering and building, $535,520; distilled liquors, $146,789, and malt liquors, $83,832.

RAILROADS AND COMMERCE. - The commerce of the state is entirely local. The railroads are extending rapidly. "In 1865, the length of railroads was 122 miles; in 1868, 473 miles; in 1870, 705 miles; in 1871, 943 miles, and in 1872, 1,051 miles. The Union Pacific Railroad extends from Omaha through the entire length of the state, and, in the main, follows the valley of the Platte river. The Burlington and Missouri River Railroad runs along the valley of the Platte river, from Plattsmouth to Ashland, and thence to Lincoln and to the junction with the Union Pacific Railroad, west of Fort Kearney. The Midland Pacific Railroad extends from Nebraska City, on the Missouri river, to Seward, Seward county. The Omaha and Northwestern Railroad is in operation from Omaha to Herman, Washington county, and will be extended to Niobrara river. The Omaha and Southwestern Railroad consists of two lines; the one running from Omaha to Omaha Junction, on the Burlington and Missouri River Railroad, and the other from Crete, on the last named line, to Beatrice, Gage county, following the valley of the Big Blue river. The northern part of the Atchison and Nebraska Railroad is within this state and extends from the southern state line, near the Missouri river, to Lincoln. The Fremont, Elkhorn and Missouri Valley Railroad has been completed from Fremont to Wisner, Cuming county, and will be extended to the Niobrara river."

EDUCATION, CHARITIES, ETC.— Says a recent writer, very truthfully, "Nebraska has more organized schools, more school houses, and those of a superior character; more money invested in buildings, books, etc., than were ever had before by any state of the same age. The land endowment for the public schools embraces one-eighteenth of the entire area of the state, 2,623,080 acres. The governor is of the opinion that the whole educational system, from common school to university, can be made entirely independent of the state. In 1870, the number of school districts was 1,032; of persons in the school age, 41,063, and of these