sota; 1,386, of Missouri; 4,908, of New Hampshire; 3,194, of New Jersey; 105,697, of New York; 23,164, of Ohio; 21,358, of Pennsylvania; 1,152, of Rhode Island; 16,421, of Vermont, and 2,059, of Virginia and West Virginia; and born in foreign countries 364,499, including 25,663 natives of British America; 4,486, of Austria; 162,314, of Germany; 6,069, of Switzerland; 2,704, of France; 28,192, of England; 48,479, of Ireland; 6,590, of Scotland; 6,550, of Wales; 5,990, of Holland; 40,046, of Norway, and 2,799, of Sweden.

RAILROADS AND COMMERCE. The state of Wisconsin possesses rare commercial advantages in the lakes and rivers that surround and penetrate it. "There are exported from the ports on lake Michigan, especially from Milwaukee, large quantities of grain, flour and lumber. The foreign commerce, however, of the state is small; the exports and imports amounting in 1872 to only $1,595,079.”

The first railroad was built in 1850. Ten years later the railroad mileage was 905; in 1870, 1,525, and in 1872, 1,878. The principal lines are the Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad, which, with its various branches, has a length of 1,396 miles; the Mineral Point Railroad, from Mineral Point to Warren, Illinois, with a branch from Calamine to Platteville (51 miles); the Sheboygan and Fond du Lac Railroad (80 miles); the West Wisconsin Railroad, from Elroy to St. Paul, Minnesota (197 miles); and the Wisconsin Central Railroad, from Menasha to Ashland (260 miles), with branches from Menasha to Appleton City and from Stevens Point to Portage City.

EDUCATION, CHARITIES, ETC.-The state of Wisconsin has made very liberal provisions for all classes of educational institutions. The public schools are under the supervision of a state superintendent of public instruction, and county and city superintendents. "In 1872, the number of children over four and under twenty years of age was 423,717, of whom 266,789 attended public schools, and 15,618 private schools. There were in the state 4,979 public school houses and 9,304 teachers. The valuation of school houses was $3,295,268. The state has three normal schools, one at Platteville, one at Oshkosh and one at White

water. The state university, at Madison, is in a prosperous condition, and had, in 1870, twenty-seven professors and 462 students, of whom 124 were females. It embraces a college of letters, a college of arts, a preparatory department and a female department. The college of arts is the agricultural and scientific college of the state. The other institutions for higher and professional education embrace twelve colleges, five academies, one law school and three theological schools. The state maintains the following institutions for the support and education of the unfortunate the hospital for the insane, at Madison; the institution for the education of the deaf and dumb, at Delavan; the soldiers' orphans' home, at Madison, and state reform school, at Waukesha. There is an institute for the blind, at Janesville. The state prison, at Waupun, in 1872, had 186 convicts, being a less number than at any time during the six preceding years."

GOVERNMENT. Originally, Wisconsin formed part of the territory of the northwest. The state was admitted into the union in 1848. "Every male person of the age of twenty-one years and upward, belonging to either of the following classes, who shall have resided in the state for one year next preceding any election, shall be deemed a qualified voter at such election: 1. Citizens of the United States. 2. Persons of foreign birth, who shall have declared their intention to become citizens of the United States. 3. Persons of Indian blood, who have once been declared by law of congress to be citizens of the United States; and 4. Civilized persons of Indian descent, not members of any tribe. The legis lative power is vested in a senate and assembly. The assembly, according to the constitution, shall never be less than fifty-four nor more than one hundred, and the senate shall consist of a number not more than one-third nor less than one-fourth of the number of members of the assembly. The members of the assembly are chosen annually for one year, and the senators annually for two years. The executive power is vested in a governor, who holds his office for two years. A lieutenant gov ernor is chosen at the same time and for the same term. There are further chosen at the time and places of choosing the members of the legislature, a secretary of state, treasurer, and an

attorney general, who hold their offices for the term of two years. The judicial power is vested in a supreme court, circuit courts, courts of probate and justices of the peace. The supreme court has appellate jurisdiction only; but in no case removed to the supreme court shall a trial by jury be allowed. It has a general superintending control over all inferior courts, and has power to Issue writs of habeas corpus, mandamus, injunction, quo warranto, certiorari and other original and remedial writs. It holds at least one term annually at the seat of government. The state is divided into twelve judicial circuits, for each of which a judge is chosen by the qualified electors therein. The circuit courts have original jurisdiction in all matters, civil and criminal, and appellate jurisdistion from all inferior courts and tribunals, and a supervisory control over the same. A circuit court is held at least twice in each year in each county of the state, organized for judicial pur poses. There is chosen in each county by the qualified electors thereof a judge of probate, who holds his office for two years; and the electors of the several towns elect justices of the peace, whose term of office is also two years.'

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Madison is the capital of the state, and is one of the most beautiful cities in the whole northwest. The other cities with their population, are Milwaukee, 71,440; Oshkosh, 12,663; Foud du Lac, 12,764; Racine, 9,880; La Crosse, 7,785; Watertown, 7,550; Janesville, 8,789; Sheboygan, 5,310; Manitowoc, 5,168; Green Bay, 4,666; Appleton, 4,518; Kenosha, 4,309; Beloit, 4,396; Portage, 3,945, and Beaver Dam, 3,265.

*From Centennial Gazetteer.

When it be

growth, and will continue to have in the future. came a territory, in 1849, there were but 4,057 inhabitants; in 1850, there were 6,077; in 1860, 172,023, and in 1870, 439,706, thus showing an increase during the last two decades of 2,766. and 156 per cent. respectively. In 1870, the population consisted of 438,257 whites, 759 colored persons and 690 Indians out of tribal relations; there were, besides, 6,550 Indians living on res ervations and at agencies. The nativities, according to the cen sus, were as follows: natives of the United States, 279,009; of the state, 125,759; of Connecticut, 2,359; of Illinois, 10,979; of Indiana, 7,438; of Iowa, 3,970; of Kentucky, 1,733; of Maine, 9,939; of Maryland, 719; of Massachusetts, 5,731; of Michigan, 3,742; of Missouri, 1,447; of New Hampshire, 3,271; of New Jersey, 1,348; of New York, 39,506; of North Carolina, 438; of Ohio, 12,650; of Pennsylvania, 11,966; of Rhode Island, 564; of Tennessee, 320; of Vermont, 6,815; of the Virginias, 1,812, and of Wisconsin, 24,048. The foreign born population numbered 160,697, of whom were born in Austria, 2,647; in Bohemia, 2,166; in British America, 16,698; in Denmark, 1,910; in France, 1,743; in Germany, 41,346; in England, 5,670; in Ireland, 21,746; in Scotland, 2,194; in Wales, 944; in Holland, 1,855; in Luxem bourg, 1,173; in Norway, 35,940; in Sweden, 20,087, and in Switzerland, 2,162.

MANUFACTURES. - Minnesota has already made considerable progress in manufacturing, and her great advantages in this regard promise much for the future. There is no end to the water power of the state. In 1870, Minnesota had 2,270 manufactur

ing establishments, which employed 246 steam engines of 7,085 horse power, and 11,290 workmen. The capital invested in manufactures was $11,993,729; the wages paid, $4,052,837; the cost of raw materials consumed, $13,832,902, and the total value of products, $23,110,700, an increase for the preceding decade of 693 per cent.

The principal products of industry and their value were: Boots and shoes, $653,163; carpentering and building, $1,067,203; carriages and wagons, $549,668; cars, $788,300; flour and meal, $7,534,575, and sawed lumber, $4,299,162.

RAILROADS AND COMMERCE.- Minnesota has a favorable situation, geographically, for commercial enterprises; with her lake and river and lines of railroad communication, she has access to all the world. "St. Paul is the only customs district in the state, and had in 1871, 62 steamboats with 10,864 tons, and 77 barges with 9,195 tons. During the season of 1870, 10 steamboats were trading with Duluth; in 1871, the number was increased to 26. The export of grain, reducing flour to wheat, was, in 1871, 2,297,966 bushels. On the Red river three steamers were plying between Breckinridge, Moorhead and Fort Garry. The first mile of railroad was completed in 1862, and ten years later Minnesota had 1,612 miles, of an assessed value of $84,135,332, carrying 774,289 tons of freight and 641,711 passengers. The following are the principal lines: Southern Minnesota Railroad, from Grand Crossing, on the Mississipi, through the southern tier of counties (167 miles), with a branch from Wells to Mankato in course of construction; the Winona and St. Peter Railroad, running about 20 miles north of and parallel with the above road (200 miles); the Hastings and Dakota Railroad, from Hastings to Glencoe (74 miles); the Minneapolis and St. Louis Railroad, from Minneapolis to Carver (27 miles), and soon to be completed to a point on the Iowa Central Railroad; the St. Paul and Sioux City Railroad (270 miles); the Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad, from Minneapolis and St. Paul, southward through Iowa to McGregor on the Mississippi river, and thence to Milwaukee (152 miles in Minnesota); the Chicago and St. Paul Railroad, from St. Paul to Winona on the Mississippi river; the St. Paul, Stillwater and Tay