CHAPTER XXX. THE STATE OF INDIANA. Population Manufactures Commerce Railroads - Education - Gov. POPULATION. The state of Indiana was admitted into the union in 1816. The territory when organized in 1800, had a population of 5,641. In 1810, the population was 24,520; in 1820, it was 147,178; in 1830, it was 343,031; in 1840, it was 685,866; in 1850, it was 988,416; in 1860, it was 1,350,428, and in 1870, it was 1,680,637. Of this number, 1,655,837 are white, 24,560, colored, and 240, Indian. The population is thus distributed in reference to nativity: born in the United States, 1,539,163, including 1,044,575 natives of the state; born in foreign countries, 141, 474. MANUFACTURING.-The manufacturing industry of Indiana is largely developed, and is growing rapidly. In 1840, the value of all products was $41,840,434; in 1870, $108,617,278. The last census reports 11,847 establishments with 2,881 steam engines (of an aggregate of 76,851 horse power); 58,852 hands, and $52,952,425 invested in capital. The raw materials used amounted to $63,135,492, and the wages paid, $18,366,780. The most impor tant manufactures were: agricultural implements, $2,128,794; boots and shoes, $2,699,114; carriages and wagons, $3,448,959; freight and passenger cars, $2,577,726; men's clothing, $2,261,374; flour and meal, $25,371,322; furniture, $3,826,930; forged and rolled iron, $2,845,005; pig iron, $1,191,834; iron castings, $2,592,908; leather, tanned and curried, $2,461,549; whisky, $2,038,420; beer, $1,315,116; sawed lumber, $12,324,755; machinery, including steam engines and boilers, $3,881,024; packed pork, $2,780,021, and woolen goods, $4,212,737. COMMERCE AND RAILROADS.- Indiana has a very healthy commerce which is aided by a magnificent network of railroads, and by an extensive system of canals. Of the latter, the Wabash and Erie Canal, is the most extensive. This connects the Ohio river with the great lakes. The Whitewater Canal extends from Hagerstown to Lawrenceburgh, is seventy-five miles long, and passes by Brooksville, Connersville and Cambridge. Indiana had, in 1862, 2,175 miles of railroad, and ten years later, 3,529. The following are the most important railroad lines: Chicago, Cincinnati and Louisville Railroad, connecting La Porte with Peru (73) miles); Cincinnati and Indianapolis Junction Railroad, connecting Hamilton, Ohio, with Indianapolis (98 miles), and Connersville with New Castle (25 miles); Cincinnati, Richmond and Fort Wayne Railroad, (42 miles); Columbus, Chicago and Indiana Central Railroad, connecting Columbus, Ohio, with Indianapolis, (188 miles), Bradford Junction, Ohio, with Chicago, (231 miles), Richmond with Logansport (107 miles), and Logansport to Illinois state line (61 miles); Evansville and Crawfordsville Railroad (132 miles); Indianapolis, Cincinnati and La Fayette Railroad (179 miles); Indianapolis, Peru and Chicago Railroad, connecting Indianapolis with Michigan City (161 miles); Indianapolis and St Louis Railroad (72 miles); Indianapolis and Vincennes Railroad (117 miles); Jefferson, Madison and Indianapolis Railroad, connecting Louisville, Ky., whith Indianapolis (110 miles), Madison with Columbus (45 miles), Jeffersonville with New Albany (6 miles), and Columbus with Cambridge City (65 miles); Louisville, New Albany and Chicago Railroad (288 miles); Ohio and Mississippi Railroad, connecting Cincinnati with East St. Louis, Ill. (340 miles), and North Vernon with Louisville, Ky. (53 miles); Terre Haute and Indianapolis Railroad (964 miles); Toledo, Wabash and Western Railroad, connecting Toledo, Ohio, with Camp Point, Ill. (451 miles), and intersecting the north part of the state; and the White Water Valley Railroad, connecting Valley Junction, Ohio, with Hagerstown (70 miles). EDUCATION, CHARITIES, ETC.- Indiana has the largest school fund of any state in the union. In 1870, the sum expended for tuition in all schools amounted to $2,499,511. The state has six universities. These are the State University at Bloomington, Monroe county, was opened in 1840, and comprises a college of arts, literature and science, a college of law, a college of engineer ing, a college of military science and a normal school. The libraries embrace over 5,000 volumes, and the philosophical and chemical apparatus is very complete. The faculty consists of the president, ten professors and two tutors; the number of students was, in 1870, 304. Indiana Asbury University, located at Greencastle, Putnam county, is under the control of the Methodists. Wabash College, with which a military department is connected, is at Crawfordsville; Earlham College, near Richmand; the University of Notre Dame, at Notre Dame; Salem College, at Bourbon; Fort Wayne College and Concordia College, at Fort Wayne. In 1870, there were in the state, 8,871 public schools (including 69 high and 371 graded schools), with 11,042 teachers. The charitable and correctional institutions of Indiana have reached a commendable state of perfection. The charitable institutions are the Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, the Institution for the Education of the Blind, the Indiana Hospital for the Insane, the Indiana Reformatory Institute for Women and Girls, the House of Refuge, near Plainfield, and the Soldiers' Home, which is exclusively for the care of orphan children of soldiers. There are two state prisons, the one styled the State Prison North, at Michigan City, and the other, the State Prison South, at Jeffersonville. "The GOVERNMENT.- The government of the state of Indiana differs from that of other states, in some respects. "The governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, treasurer, auditor, attor ney general and superintendent of public instruction, are chosen by the people at the general election, held on the second Tuesday of October. The governor and lieutenant governor hold office four years; the others two years. The legislature meets biennially in the month of January, in the odd years of 1873, 1875, etc., and comprises a senate of 50 members and a house of representatives of 98 members. The judiciary consists of a supreme court, circuit courts and a court of common pleas. The supreme court is composed of four judges, chosen by the people for seven years; the judges of the circuit courts are elected for six years, and those of the court of common pleas for four years." Indianapolis is the state capital. The other principal cities of the state are: Fort Wayne, Logansport, Jeffersonville, Law renceburgh, Goshen, Connersville, New Albany, Seymour, Madison, Franklin City, Vincennes, La Porte, Peru, Crawfordsville, Kendallville, Valparaiso, Shelbyville, Greencastle, South Bend, La Fayette, Evansville, Terre Haute, Wabash City, Richmond, Columbia. CHAPTER XXXI. THE STATE OF MICHIGAN. - Population Manufactures - Railroads - Commerce ernment. Education-Gov. The state of Michigan is rapidly increasing in a very select and enterprising population. In 1810, the state had 4,762 inhabitants; in 1820, 8,765; in 1830, 31,639; in 1840, 212,267; in 1850, 397,654; in 1860, 749,113, and in 1870, 1,184,059, besides 3,175 Indians living on reservations and sustaining tribal relations. The whites numbered 1,167,282; the colored persons, 11,849, and the Indians out of tribal relations, 1,926. In regard to nativities the following numbers are given in the last census report: Born in the United States, 916,049, of whom 507,268 were born in Michigan; 7,412, in Connecticut; 692, in Delaware; 6,055, in Illinois; 12,140, in Indiana; 1,486, in Iowa; 1,719, in Kentucky; 3,932, in Maine; 1,265, in Maryland; 10,839, in Massachusetts; 666, in Missouri; 3,633, in New Hampshire; 8,023, in New Jersey; 231,509, in New York; 62,207, in Ohio; 28,507, in Pennsylvania; 1,137, in Rhode Island; 687, in Tennessee; 14,445, in Vermont; 2,984, in Virginia and West Virginia; and 5,986 in Wisconsin. The foreign born population was 268,010; of whom 88,590 are natives of British America; 4,354, of France; 64,143, of Germany; 35,051, of England; 42,013, of Ireland; 8,552, of Scotland; 12,559, of Holland; 3,922, of Sweden and Norway; and 2,116, of Switzerland. The population of ten years and over, numbered 873,763; of whom 404,164 were engaged in the useful occupations, viz.: 187,211, in agriculture; 104,728, in per sonal and professional services; 29,588, in trade and transportation; and 82,637, in manufactures, mechanical and mining indus tries. MANUFACTURING.-Michigan has prospered wonderfully in her manufacturing interests. In 1850, the total value of the manufactures was $11,169,001; in 1860, $32,658,356; and in 1870, it had nearly quadrupled, being $118,394,676. The 2,215 steam engines had 70,956 horse power; and the 9,455 establishments employed 63,694 hands, and consumed materials to the amount of $68,142,515. The capital invested was $71,712,283; and the wages paid, $21,205,355. The principal products of industry and their values were as follows: Agricultural implements, $1,569,596; boots and shoes, $2,552,931; carpentering and building, $3,976,333; carriages and wagons, $2,393,328; freight and passenger cars, $1,488,724; men's clothing, $2,423,170; copper, milled and smelted, $9,260,976; flour and meal, $21,174,247; furniture, $1,630,199; forged and rolled iron, $780,750; pig iron, $2,911,515; iron castings, $2,082,532; leather, $2,670,608; beer, $1,216,286; lumber, $33,078,241; machinery, $1,355,371; salt, $1,176,811; sash, doors and blinds, $1,868,596; and tobacco and cigars, $1,849,383. COMMERCE AND RAILROADS.-Michigan has natural advantages for commerce. It has four ports of entry, viz.: Detroit, Huron, Superior and Michigan; into which entered, in 1871, foreign goods of $2,323,542 in value, and from which were exported domestic goods of $3,605,025. The first twenty-four miles of railroad were completed in 1840; ten years later the mileage was 342. From 1869, when the mileage was 1,199, to January 1, 1873, 1,808 miles were constructed; or 150 per cent. more than the aggregate length constructed during the whole previous history of the state. The governor estimates the cost of the roads built during the four years at $54,000,000. The principal roads are the following: The Detroit and Milwaukee railroad (189 miles); the Flint and Pere Marquette railroad (232 miles); the Jackson, Lansing and Saginaw railroad (208 miles); the Marquette, Houghton and Ontonagon railroad (49 miles); the Michigan Central railroad (285 miles); the Port Huron and Lake |