the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati and Saint Louis Railroad (201 miles); and the Sandusky, Mansfield and Newark Railroad (160 miles). "The canals were built at the expense of the state, and have a combined length of 736 miles The Ohio and Erie Canal runs from Cleveland to the valley of the Muskingum, thence to Columbus and down the Scioto to Portsmouth. The Wabash and Erie Canal follows the valley of the Maumee to Fort Wayne, and thence extends to Terre Haute. The Miami Canal branches from the Wabash and Erie, 13 miles above Defiance, and runs up the valley of the Auglaize river. In crossing the watershed, it is supplied from a reservoir situated partly in Mercer and party in Auglaize counties, which covers an area of 17,000 acres. From this point the canal passes down into the Miami valley to Hamilton, and thence to Cincinnati."

EDUCATION, CHARITIES, ETC.-There is perhaps no better system of public schools in the United States than in Ohio. "Each township has a board of education, and each subdistrict a local board of trustees, which manages its school affairs, subject to the control of the township board. All public schools are required to be in session at least 24 weeks during the year. The probate judge of each county appoints a board of school examiners, which has power to grant certificates to teachers for a term not exceeding two years. In 1865 a state board of examiners was created with power to issue certificates for life to teachers eminent for learning, skill and experience. Irreducible or special school funds were created by the sales of the lands appropriated by congress for school purposes. The state pays annually six per cent. interest on these funds to the counties and towns.”

The report for the school year ending August 31, 1872, shows: The total receipts from the funds and the taxes amounted to $9,813,715, and the expenditures for school purposes to $7,383,856. The number of school houses in townships was 10,686, and in separate districts 978, having an estimated value, including grounds, or $17,168,196. There were employed 22,061 teachers, and there were enrolled in the schools 708,800 pupils, while the daily average attendance was 408,538.

The Ohio University, a state institution, founded in 1804, is located at Athens. At Oxford there is the Miami University.

Oberlin College is at Berlin; the Baldwin University at Berea; Kenyon College at Gambier; Denison University at Granville, etc. Ohio has no state normal schools. Of the nine normal schools, but one, the "Southwestern," receives subvention from the state school fund. The number of colleges, universities and academies, in 1871, was 93; nor is there any lack of technical and profes

sional schools.

Ohio has a fine system of charitable and correctional institutions. These are the State Penitentiary, at Columbus, which in 1871 had 955 convicts; the Reform Farm School for Boys, at Lancaster; the Reform and Industrial School for girls; the Longview Asylum for Lunatics, near Cincinnati, with 575 patients in 1871; the Central Ohio Lunatic Asylum, at Columbus; the Northern Ohio Lunatic Asylum, at Newburgh, near Cleveland; the Southern Ohio Lunatic Asylum, at Dayton; the State Asylum for Idiots, the Asylum for the Blind, and the Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, all at Columbus.

Ohio is well stocked with libraries. These are the Ohio State Library, at Columbus, 36,100 volumes; Public Library, at Cincinnati, 33,958 volumes; Young Men's Mercantile Library, at Cincinnati, 33,175 volumes; Cleveland Library Association, 10,000 volumes; Cincinnati Law Library, 6,000 volumes, and Akron Library Association, 4,000 volumes.

Columbus is the capital of the state. It had a population in 1870 of 31,274. The following is a list of the principal cities with their populations, in 1870: Cincinnati, 216,239; Cleveland, 92,829 Toledo, 31,584; Dayton, 30,473; Sandusky, 13,002; Springfield, 12,652 Hamilton, 11,081; Portsmouth, 10,592; Zanesville, 10,011, and Akron, 10,006. The following places had a population between 5,000 and 10,000; Chillicothe, Canton, Steubenville, Youngstown, Mansfield, Xenia, Newark, Piqua, Pomeroy, Ironton, Delaware, Tremont, Circleville, Wooster, and Massillon. The following had from 3,000 to 5,000 inhabitants: Warren, Lima, Norwalk, Mt. Vernon, Bellaire, Middleton, Painesville, Bellefontaine, Urbana, Elyria, Bucyrus, Alliance, New Philadelphia, Galion, Gallipolis, Hillsborough, Findlay, and Lancaster. GOVERNMENT. As we have already seen, Ohio was formed

from the Northwestern Territory ceded to the United States by Virginia, in 1783, and admitted into the union as a state in 1803: "The governor, lieutenant governor, and treasurer are elected by the people for two years, and for the same period the secretary of state and attorney general; but their elections take place in alternate years. The comptroller of the treasury and the state school commissioner are elected for three years, and the auditor of state for four years. The three members of the board of public works are elected for three years, one going out of office each year. The members of the legislature- senators and representatives-are elected for two years. In 1872, the senate consisted of 36 members, and the house of representatives of 105 members.

The judicial power of the state is vested in a supreme court, courts of common pleas, district courts, probate courts, and justices of the peace. The supreme court consists of five judges, chosen by the people for a term of five years; one judge retiring from office.each year. The judge having the shortest time to serve is chief justice. This court holds at least one term each year at Columbus, and such other terms as may be provided by law. The state is divided into nine common pleas districts, one of which is formed by Hamilton county. The eight other districts are each divided into three subdistricts, for each of which one judge is elected for a term of five years. District courts, composed of the judges of the common pleas courts of the respective districts, and presided over by one of the judges of the supreme court, are held in each county at least once in each year. White male citizens of the United States, 21 years of age, who have resided in the state one year are entitled to vote."