Klopstock he was appointed court preacher and consis- | longing to the order grallæ, L.; and, by the great torial counsellor of king Frederic V. at Copenhagen, Swedish naturalist, comprised in his extensive genus and, in 1765, professor of theology in the same place. ardea, though properly ranked as a distinct genus Here he was much respected and beloved, and re- by all subsequent naturalists. The distinctive chaceived the surname der Eyegode (the very good). The racters of this genus are as follow: The bill is but revolution, which caused the downfall of count little cleft, is compressed, attenuated towards the Struensee and the queen Caroline Matilda, occa- point, and rather obtuse at its extremity; the mansioned also the disgrace of Cramer, and induced dibles are subequal, with vertical margins, the upper him, in 1771, to accept of an invitation to Luebeck. being convex, with a wide furrow on each side a In 1774, however, he was invited to Kiel as pro- | the base, which becomes obliterated before reaching chancellor and first professor of theology; and, ten the middle of the bill. The nostrils are situated in years after, was appointed chancellor and curator of these furrows, and are medial-concave, elliptical, the university. He died in 1788, with the reputation pervious, and closed posteriorly by a membrane. The of an accomplished scholar, a poet, a fertile author, tongue is fleshy, broad, and acute. The ophthalmic one of the first pulpit orators, and a man of a noble region and lora are feathered, though the head is character and an active zeal for the public good. Be- generally bald, rough, and sometimes crested. The sides many historical and theological works, he wrote body is cylindrical, having long and stout feet. The a poetical translation of the psalms, and three volumes naked space above the tarsus is extensive, and the of poems, of which the odes and hymns are the best. latter is more than twice as long as the middle toe. His son, Charles Frederic Cramer (born in 1752, The toes are of moderate length, covered with scudied in 1807), was likewise an author, and lived tella, or small plates, and submargined; arudimental long in Paris, whither he was drawn by the interest membrane connects the outer one at base; the inner which he took in the French revolution. His jour- is free; the hind toe is shorter than a joint of the middle nal, which he kept with great care, contains much one, and is articulated with the tarsus, elevated from information, as his house was the point of union the ground; the nails are tile-shaped, falculate, and of many distinguished men, and he was concerned obtuse; the middle one has its cutting edge entire ; in important transactions. the hind nail is the longest; the wings are moderate, with the first and fifth primaries subequal; the tail is short, and consists of twelve feathers. CRAMP (kramp, Dutch), in architecture and sculp ture ; pieces of iron, bronze, or other metal, bent at each end, by which stones in buildings, and limbs, &c., of statues, are held together. The ancient Romans made great use of cramps in their buildings, and the cupidity of modern barbarians, like pope Barberini, has destroyed many a fine work for the sake of the bronze used in its construction. The Pantheon, with its fine portico, by Agrippa, and the Coliseum, have suffered most from these wanton aggressions and the baldachin of St Peter's, and some eighty pieces of brass ordnance, are nearly all that we have in exchange for some of the finest works of which the world could boast. These birds are generally of considerable size, and remarkable for their long necks and stilt-like legs, which eminently fit them for living in marshes and situations subject to inundations, where they usually seek their food. This is principally of vegetable matter, consisting of the seeds of various plants, or grains plundered from grounds recently ploughed and sown. They also devour insects, worms, frogs, lizards, reptiles, small fish, and the spawn of various aquatic animals. They build their nests among bushes, or upon tussucks in the marshes, constructing them of rushes, reeds, &c., surmounted by some soft material, so high that they may cover their eggs in a standing position. They lay but two eggs, for whose incubation the male and female alternately take their place on the nest. During the time that one is thus engaged, the other acts as a vigilant sentinel ; and, when the young are hatched, both parents unite in protecting them. The cranes annually migrate to distant regions, and perform voyages astonishing for their great length and hazardous character. They are remarkable for making numerous circles and evolutions in the air, when setting out on their journeys, and generally form an isosceles triangle, led by one of the strongest of their number, whose trumpet-like voice is heard as if directing their advance, when the flock is far above the clouds, and entirely out of sight. To this callnote of the leader the flock frequently respond by a united clangour, which, heard at such a distance, does not produce an unpleasant effect. From the sagacity with which these birds vary their flight, ac CRANBERRY; a small red fruit, produced by a slender, wiry plant (vaccinium oxycoccos), growing in peat-bogs and marshy grounds in Russia, Sweden, the north of England, and Germany, and in North America. The leaves are small, somewhat oval, and rolled back at the edges, and the stem is thread-shaped and trailing. The blossoms are small, but beautiful, each consisting of four distinct petals, rolled back to the base, and of a deep flesh colour. The American cranberry (V. macrocarpon), growing in bogs principally, on sandy soils, and on high lands, frequent from Canada to Virginia, is a larger and more upright plant than the fast, with less convex, more oblong, much larger leaves. The berries are larger, of a brighter red, and collected in great abundance for making tarts, jelly, &c. They are also exported to Furope, but are not considered there equal to the Russian cranberries. These fruits are collected, in America, by means of a rake; in Germany, by wooden combs. In England, they are picked by hand, as they grow there but scanti-cording to the states of the atmosphere, they have, ly. They are preserved with sugar, much of which is required to correct the natural tartness of the berries. In England, they are preserved dry in bottles, corked so closely as to exclude the external air : some persons, however, fill up the bottles with spring water. They keep very long in fresh and pure water. At sea, they are an agreeable addition to the few articles of diet which can be had. In the Pomarium Britannicum, by Phillips (London, 1827), it is stated, that, in 1826, cranberries arrived in England from New Holland, which were much superior in flavour to those of Europe and America. CRANE (grus, Pal., &c.); a genus of birds be from the earliest ages, been regarded as indicators of events; and their manoeuvres were attentively watched by the augurs and aruspices—a circumstance which, together with their general harmlessness and apparent gravity of demeanour, led to their being held in a sort of veneration, even by some civilized nations. When obliged to take wing from the ground, cranes rise with considerable difficulty, striking quickly with their wings, and trailing their feet along and near the ground, until they have gained a sufficient elevation to commence wheeling in circles. which grow wider and wider, until they have soared to the highest regions of the air. When their flight CRANE CRANIOLOGY. is high and silent, it is regarded as an indication of continued fine weather; they fly low and are noisy in cloudy, wet, or stormy weather. Against approaching storms, the cranes, like various other birds of lofty fight, readily guard, by ascending above the level of the clouds, and the atmospheric currents which bear them; and this indication of an approaching gust is not lost sight of by Virgil: -Nunquam imprudentibus imber When a flock of cranes is engaged in feeding, or while it is at rest, when the birds sleep standing on one foot, with the head under the wing, one of the number acts as sentinel, and keeps a vigilant watch, alarming the whole if any enemy approach, or the slightest danger threaten. Two species of this genus are known to inhabit America the whooping crane (G. Americana) and the brown or sand-hill crane (G. Canadensis, Bonap.). The first named derive their trivial appellation from their loud, clear, piercing cry, which may be heard at the distance of two miles. If wounded, they attack the sportsman or his dog with great spirit, and are said to have occasionally driven their long, pointed bill through the hand of a man. Wilson states that, during winter, they are frequently seen in the low grounds and rice plantations of the Southern States, seeking for grain and insects. He met with a number of them on the 10th of February, near Waccamau river, in South Carolina, and saw another flock near Louisville, Ky., about the 20th of March. They are very shy and vigilant, and consequently, shot with difficulty. They sometimes rise spirally in the air to a vast height, their mingled screams resembling the full cry of a pack of hounds, even when they are almost out of sight. They are distinguished from other cranes by the comparative baldness of their heads, and by the broad flag of plumage projecting over the tail. Their general colour is pure white. The brown or sand-hill crane is of an ash colour, generally, with shades or clouds of pale-brown and sky-blue brown prevails upon the shoulders and back. It is a very stately bird, being above six feet long, from the toes to the point of the beak, when extended, and its wings measure eight or nine feet from tip to tip. When standing erect, the sand-hill crane is full five feet high; the tail is quite short, but the feathers pendent on each side of the rump are very long, of a delicate silky softness, and sharppointed. The crown of the head is bare of feathers, and of a reddish rose colour, but thinly barbed with a short, stiff, black hair. When the wings are moved in flight, their strokes are slow, moderate, and regular, and, even when at a considerable distance above us, we plainly hear the quill-feathers, as their shafts and webs rub upon one another, creaking like the joints of a vessel in a tempestuous sea (Bartram). The sand-hill crane is common, and breeds in the savannas of Florida. It is also found in various parts of the American states and territories. It is most are in the middle portions of the Union. CRANE; a machine employed in raising or lowering heavy weights. Cranes are generally constructed by an application of the wheel and axle, cog-wheel, wheel and pinion, on the principle of the hydrostatic press. The first may be regarded as somewhat resembling the CAPSTAN, and the last BRAMAH'S PRESS, | which have already been described. The subjoined cut will illustrate the form and operation of the wheel and pinion crane, made of cast-iron. The collar B is made to revolve in an iron or stone cylinder A, fixed in the ground; the collar revolving on bails at the top, for the purpose of diminishing friction. | 509 CRANIOLOGY (from xgavíov, the skull, and ayos, science), a term applied to express a doctrine said to have originated with Drs Gall and Spurzheim, by means of which a knowledge is to be obtained of the characters of individuals, merely by inspecting the form of the brain, as demonstrated by the external formation of the bones of the skull. It is assumed in this doctrine, that the contents of the skull, by pressing outwards, impress various contours upon the bones of the head, and that these are different in every individual exactly in proportion as certain parts of the brain are more or less energetic or developed. And it is also assumed, that every human being is born with certain innate propensities, which may be improved or suppressed by education, but that these innate propensities will always exist in proportion to the greater or less development of that particular portion of the brain, in which the organs of these propensities reside. Nemesius, bishop of Emesa, under the reign of Theodosius, taught that the sensations had their seat in the anterior ventricles, memory in the middle of the brain, and understanding in the posterior ventricles. Albertus Magnus, in the 13th century, went so far as actually to delineate upon a head, the supposed seat of the different faculties of the mind. He placed common sense in the forehead, or first ventricle of the brain; cogitation and judgment in the second; memory and moving power in the third. Peter de Montaguana, in 1491, published a figure of the head, on which were indicated the seat of common sense, the cell of imagination, the cell of estimating or cogitation, the cell of memory, and the cell of reason. Ludovico Dolci, Servito, and a great number of other writers, have hazarded similar opinions as to the particular seat of the different faculties. Both Baron Haller and Van Swieten fancied that the internal senses occupy different places in the brain, but they considered its whole organization as too complicated, too intricate, and too difficult, to allow of any hope that the seat of memory, of judg ment, or of imagination could ever be detected. Dr Gall, after many years spent in this difficult investigation, conceived that he discovered the cluo which was to conduct us through the mazes of the 12 16 71 15 13 10 21 17 16 34 35 20 19 12 30) 31 22 32 labyrinth. Having procured as many skulls as possible, of all those persons who had been greatly distinguished for a particular talent or moral quality, he remarked the peculiarities of their shape and compared them together. He then collected observations on other individuals, who were remarkable for the weakness of any faculty, and made further comparisons as to their positive and negative indications. When he had no other opportunity, he did not scruple, as Dr Spurzheim informs us, to address his questions directly to the person in whose head he observed any distinct protuberance. He used to collect around him the boys whom he met in the streets of Vienna, where he resided, and induced them, by petty bribes, to confess their own faults and betray those of their companions. He sometimes encouraged them to fight together, to find out which had most courage, and then drew his inferences as to the organ which prompted that sentiment. In the absence of the skulls themselves, he procured plaster casts, or impressions, of the most remarkable he could hear of, and even induced living individuals to allow their heads to be modelled, to illustrate his conjectures. The minister of police at Vienna, being his friend, gave him various opportunities of adding to his collection of facts, by permitting him to open the heads of executed felons and maniacs. Being without any family to provide for, he expended large sums in gratifying his taste in this manner, and amassed an extensive collection of skulls, as well as of heads, in illustration of his doctrines. He availed himself, also, of the aids afforded by comparative anatomy, and procured the skulls of all sorts of animals, with a view to trace the forms and sizes of corresponding organs throughout the whole series. He arranged all the faculties of the mind, with their corresponding organs, (or parts of 1. Amativeness. 2. Philoprogenitiveness. 3. Conthe brain in which they have their seat,) according as centrativeness. 4. Adhesiveness. 5. Combativeness. they relate to the feelings and the intellect: the 6. Destructiveness. 7. Constructiveness. 8. Acquisi first class comprehending the propensities, all of which tiveness. 9. Secretiveness. These nine, being comare common to men and animals, and the sentiments, mon to men and other animals, and occupying the ba(synonymous with the French l'ame and the German sis of the brain, he calls inferior faculties. The next genneth); and the second class comprising the facul- nine are the second genus of the order of feelings or ties by which we acquire knowledge, or the knowing sentiments; these are: 10. Self-love, or self-esteem. faculties, as he terms them; and also the reflecting 11. Love of approbation. 12. Cautiousness. 13. faculties, which last compose what the French call Benevolence. 14. Veneration. 15. Hope. 16. Idel'esprit, the Germans gheist, and what we should ge-ality. 17. Conscientiousness. 18. Firmness. To nerally understand by the term intellect. He asserted that the organs of those faculties which men possess in common with other animals are situated towards the basis, or back part of the brain, while those of the superior faculties, which are peculiar to man, are placed somewhat higher; and that the organs subservient to the intellectual faculties occupy exclusively the forehead. The total number of special faculties he makes out to be thirty-three, of which he gives us the following enumeration: the order called Intellect, and the first genus of that order, or the knowing faculties, he assigns the following species; namely: 19. Individuality. 20. Form. 21. Size. 22. Weight. 23. Colour. 24. Locality. 25. Order. 26. Time. 27. Number. 28. Tune. 29. Language. The second genus of the order Intellect, or the reflecting faculties, contain the following four species: 30. Comparison. 31. Causality. 32. Wit. 33. Imitation. Under the head Phrenology, it is our intention to enter somewhat into the philosophy of this so called science. Meanwhile, we have thought it sufficient, in this place, to point out the little cages in which phrenologists have chosen to confine the passions and faculties of man. CRANK; an iron axis with the end bent like an elbow, for the purpose of moving a piston, the saw in a sawmill, &c., causing it to rise and fall at every turn; also for turning a grindstone, &c. The common crank affords one of the simplest and most useful methods for changing circular into alternate motion, and vice versa. Double and triple cranks are likewise of the greatest use for transmitting circular motion to a distance. In fact, cranks belong to those few simple elements on which the most complicated machines rest, and which, like the lever, are constantly employed. The single crank, Fig. 1, can CRANMER. only be used upon the end of an axis. The bell crank, Fig. 2, may be used in any part of an axis. The double crank, Fig. 3, produces two alternate motions, reciprocating with each other. 3 2 1 511 made for the instruction of all ranks in the principles of the prevailing party. Cranmer op and the necessity of private masses. In 1536, the casuistry of Cranmer was a second time exerted, to gratify the base passions of his tyrannical sovereign. When Anne Boleyn was destined to lose her reputation and her life, that the king might take another consort, it was determined also to bastardize her issue; and the archbishop meanly stooped to pronounce a sentence of divorce, on the plea that the queen had confessed to him her having been contracted to lord Percy, before her marriage with the king. The compliances of the primate served to insure him the gratitude of Henry, though he was obliged to make some important sacrifices to royal prejudice, which was strongly in favour of the ancient faith, where that did not tend to curb the king's own passions or prerogatives. In 1539 was passed an act of parliament, called the CRANMER, THOMAS, famous in the English re- bloody act, condemning to death all who supported formation, during the reign of Henry VIII., was born the right of marriage of priests, and communion of in 1489. He entered as a student of Jesus college, both kinds to the laity, and who opposed transubCambridge, in 1503, took the degree of M.A., obstantiation, auricular confession, vows of chastity, tained a fellowship, and, in 1523, was chosen reader of theological lectures in his college, and examiner of candidates for degrees in divinity. In the course of conversation on the then meditated divorce of Henry VIII. from his first wife, Catharine of Arragon, Cranmer remarked that the question of its propriety might be better decided by consulting learned divines and members of the universities than by an appeal to the pope. The opinion thus delivered having been reported to the king by doctor Fox, his majesty was On the death of Henry, in 1546—7, the archbishop highly delighted with it, exclaiming, at the prospect was left one of the executors of his will, and memit afforded him of being able to remove the obstacles ber of the regency appointed to govern the kingto the gratification of his passions, By the dom during the minority of Edward VI. He united man has got the sow by the right ear!" Cranmer his interest with that of the earl of Hertford, afterwas sent for to court, made a king's chaplain, and wards duke of Somerset, and proceeded to model commanded to write a treatise on the subject of the the church of England according to the notions of divorce. In 1530, he was sent abroad, with others, Zuinglius, rather than those of Luther. By his into collect the opinions of the divines and canonists of strumentality, the liturgy was drawn up and estaFrance, Italy, and Germany, on the validity of the blished by act of parliament, and articles of religion king's marriage. At Rome, he presented his treatise were compiled, the validity of which was enforced to the pope, and afterwards proceeded to Germany, by royal authority, and for which infallibility was where he obtained for his opinions the sanction of a claimed. Under Cranmer's ecclesiastical governgreat number of German divines and civilians, and ment, Joan Bocher and George van Paris were formed such intimate connexions with the rising party burnt as heretics; and the fate of the former is of the Protestants as probably influenced greatly his rendered peculiarly striking by the fact that the future conduct. He also contracted marriage, though primate, by his spiritual authority and pressing imin holy orders, with the niece of doctor Osiander, a portunity, constrained the young king to sign the famous Protestant divine. Cranmer was employed death warrant for the auto-da-fé of the unhappy by the king to conclude a commercial treaty between criminal, which he would not do till he had disburEngland and the Netherlands; after which he was dened his own conscience, by telling the archbishop ordered home, to take possession of the metropolitan that, if the deed were sinful, he should answer for it see of Canterbury. He hesitated to accept of this to God. The exclusion of the princess Mary from dignity, professing to be scrupulous about applying the crown, by the will of her brother, was a meato the pope for the bulls necessary for his consecra- sure in which Cranmer joined the partisans of lady tion. This difficulty was obviated by a vague and Jane Grey, apparently in opposition to his own secret protestation, which can be justified only on the judgment. With others who had been most active jesuitical principle of the lawfulness of mental re- in her elevation, he was sent to the Tower on the servations or virtual falsehoods. The application accession of Mary. That princess had personal being therefore made, in the usual manner, to the obligations to Cranmer, who is said to have precourt of Rome, the pall and bulls were sent. Soon served her from the anger of her father, which after, he set the papal authority at defiance, by pro- menaced her with destruction, for her pertinacious nouncing sentence of divorce between Henry and Ca- adherence to the Catholic faith; but she could not tharine, and confirming the king's marriage with Anne forget or forgive the disgrace of her mother and herBoleyn. The pope threatened excommunication, and self, in effecting which, the archbishop had been so an act of parliament was immediately passed for important an agent; he was therefore destined to abolishing the pope's supremacy, and declaring the become the victim of popish ascendency. He was king chief head of the church of England. The arch- tried before commissioners sent from Rome, on the bishop employed all his influence in forwarding such charges of blasphemy, perjury, incontinence, and measures as might give permanence to the reforma-heresy, and cited to appear within eighty days at tion. The Bible was translated into English, and dispersed among the people; the monastic institutions were suppressed; the superstitious observances connected with them were abolished; and provision was Rome, to deliver, in person, his vindication to the pope. To comply with this mandate was impossible, as he was detained in prison; nevertheless he was declared contumacious for not making his appear ance, and sentenced to be degraded and deprived of office. After this, flattering promises were made, which induced him to sign a recantation of his alleged errors, and become, in fact, a Catholic convert. The triumph of his enemies was now complete, and nothing was wanting but the sacrifice of their abused and degraded victim. Oxford was the scene of his execution; but, to make the tragedy more impressive, he was placed on a scaffold in St Mary's church, the day he was to suffer, there to listen to a declaration of his faults and heresies, his extorted penitence, and the necessity of his expiating, by his death, errors which Heaven alone could pardon, but which were of an enormity too portentous to be passed over by an earthly tribunal. Those who planned this proceeding accomplished but half their object. Instead of confessing the justness of his sentence, and submitting to it in silence, or imploring mercy, he calmly acknowledged that the fear of death had made him belie his conscience; and declared that nothing could afford him consolation but the prospect of extenuating his guilt by encountering, as a Protestant penitent, with firmness and resignation, the fiery torments which awaited him. He was immediately hurried to the stake, where he behaved with the resolution of a martyr, keeping his right hand, with which he had signed his recantation, extended in the flames, that it might be consumed before the rest of his body, exclaiming, from time to time, "That unworthy hand." He was executed, March 21, 1555-6. was circulated in Scotland, and, on one occasion, it passed through the district of Breadalbane, a tract of thirty-two miles, in three hours. After Charles Edward had marched into England, two of the king's frigates threatened the coast with a descent. The crantara was sent through the district of Appine by Alexander Stuart of Invernahyle (who related the circumstance to Sir Walter Scott), and, in a few hours, a sufficient force was collected to render the attempt of the English hopeless. CRAPE; a light, transparent stuff, like gauze, made of raw silk, gummed and twisted on the mill, woven without crossing, and much used in mourning. Crapes are either craped (i. e., crisped) or smooth. The silk destined for the first is more twisted than that for the second, it being the greater or less degree of twisting, especially of the warp, which produces the crisping given to it, when taken out of the loom, steeped in clear water, and rubbed with a piece of wax for the purpose. Crapes are all dyed raw. This stuff came originally from Bologna; but, till of late years, Lyons is said to have had the chief manufacture of it. It is now manufactured in various parts of Great Britain. The crape brought from China is of a more substantial fabric. CRAPELET; father and son; two printers. The father, Charles, born at Bourmont, November 13, 1762, established his printing-office in 1789, and died October 19, 1809. He might be called the French Baskerville. Like this printer, he endeavoured to The fate of Cranmer has shed a false lustre over unite the greatest simplicity with elegance, to delihis character, and procured him the reputation of a ver the art of printing from the heterogeneous ornaProtestant martyr, while he was, in reality, the vic-ments with which it was so overloaded, particularly tim of party malice and personal revenge. Suc- in France, and from which even Didot could not encessively a Catholic, a Lutheran, a Zuinglian, a tirely free himself; but he surpassed his model in defender of transubstantiation, and then a persecutor the form of his types and the regularity of his work. of those who believed that doctrine, the soundness, His editions are no less correct than neat and beauif not the sincerity of his faith, may fairly be ques-tiful. He has also been successful in printing on tioned. Even the purity of his motives as a re- parchment, and has shown his skill by producing an former, is rendered somewhat doubtful, by the fact impression in gold (thirteen copies of Audebert's of his having obtained, on very advantageous terms, Oiseaux dorés, Paris, 1802, two vols., folio).—A. G. numerous grants of estates which had belonged to Crapelet has extended his father's business, and has suppressed monasteries. His private character, excelled him in elegance. His Lafontaine (1814), however, was amiable; and, whatever may have Montesquieu (1816), Rousseau and Voltaire (both been his principles, no doubt can exist as to the 1819), are monuments of his taste; and the large eminence of his talents. His continued favour with vellum-paper copies are truly splendid works. The the capricious Henry is a decisive proof of his words "De l'imprimerie de Crapelet" are a great mental superiority. He steadily pursued his grand recommendation. Renouard has had all the editions object, the independence of the English church, to published at his expense printed by Crapelet, who, the establishment of which he contributed far more in 1800, employed twenty-two presses. than any other individual. CRANTARA; the cross which formed the rallying symbol in the Highlands of Scotland on any sudden emergency. It was called in Gaelic, crean tarigh, "the cross of shame;" because, says Sir Walter Scott, in his note on the passage of the Lady of the Lake (canto 3), in which he has made such a fine use of it, disobedience to what the symbol implied, inferred infamy. "When flits this cross from man to man, Bought by this sign to all besides!" The Highlanders appear to have borrowed it from the ancient Scandinavians, of the use of it among whom, for rousing the people to arms, Olaus Magnus gives a particular account. As late as the insurrection in 1745, the crantara, or fiery cross, CRASSUS. Two Romans of this name are here to be mentioned. 1. Lucius Licinius Crassus, who was made consul A. U. C. 658 (B. C. 96), and passed for the greatest orator of his time. He was distinguished for talent, presence of mind, and integrity. 2. M. Licinius Crassus, surnamed Dives (the rich), so called, like many of his family, on account of his vast riches. He possessed a fortune equal to £1,125,000. He once gave an entertainment to the whole people, in which 10,000 tables were set, and, besides this, distributed corn enough to last each family three months. In the years of Rome 683 and 698, he was colleague of Pompey, in the consulship, and, in 688, censor. As he was one of the most influential men in Rome, and very ambitious, his friendship was sought by Cæsar, who formed, with him and Pompey, the famous triumvirate. He perished with a great part of his army, in an expedition against the Parthians, undertaken from motives of avarice and ambition, B. C. 53. CRATER. See Volcano. CRAVAT; an unhealthy, uncomfortable, unbecoming article of European dress. The ancients were unacquainted with this ridiculous and injurious |