HISTORY OF THE LAW OF NATIONS IN EUROPE AND AMERICA FROM THE PEACE OF PARIS AND HUBERTSBURG, 1763, TO THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, Sec. 1. First Partition of Poland, 1772, Sec. 2. Second Partition, 1793, Sec. 5. Question of the free navigation of the Scheldt, 1781 Sec. 6. Intervention of Prussia in the affairs of Holland, 1788, Sec. 7. Triple Alliance between Great Britain, Prussia, and Holland, Sec. 8. Interference of the Triple Alliance in the affairs of Belgium, Sec. 9. Mediation of the Triple Alliance in the War between Russia, Sec. 5. British Orders in Council of June and November, 1793, Sec. 6. Discussion between the American and French governments upon the rule of free ships, free goods, Sec. 7. Question between Great Britain and the Northern Powers as to the right of search of vessels under convoy, Sec 8. Armed Neutrality of 1800, Sec. 9. Maritime Convention of 1801, between Great Britain and Sec. 12. Questions of Poland and Saxony, Manifesto of the Emperor Nicholas of 1832, annexing the kingdom of Poland to the Russian Empire, Treaty of Vienna relating to Cracow, Sec. 23. Intervention of France in the Spanish Revolution, 1822, 519 Sec. 24. Intervention of Great Britain in the affairs of Portugal, 1826, 521 Sec. 25. Quadruple alliance between France, Great Britain, Spain, Treaty of 1831 for the separation of Belgium from Holland, 551 Sec. 27. Relations of the Ottoman Empire with the other European Sec. 30. Treaty of Unkiar Skellessi, 1833, Sec. 31. Treaty of the 15th July, 1840, Sec. 32. Treaty of the 13th July, 1841, relating to the entrance of the Dardanelles and Bosphorus by foreign ships of War, Sec. 33. Discussions between the British and American governments INTRODUCTION. SKETCH OF THE HISTORY OF THE LAW OF NATIONS IN THE laws or customs by which the mutual intercourse of European nations was regulated previous to the introduction of Christianity were founded on the prejudices which regarded the different races of men as natural enemies. With the ancient Greeks and Romans the terms Barbarian, Stranger, and Enemy were originally synonymous. Nothing but some positive compact exempted the persons of aliens from being doomed to slavery the moment they passed the bounds of one State and touched the confines of another. And though, according to the Roman law, in its more improved state, an alien with whose country the relations of friendship and hospitality did not exist, was not technically considered an enemy-hostis; yet his person might lawfully be enslaved, and his property confiscated, if found on the Roman territory. During the Internation al law of the ancient States of Greece and Italy. • Si cum gente aliqua, neque amicitiam, neque hospitium, neque fœdus amicitiæ causa factum habemus; hi hostes quidem non sunt; quod autem ex nostro ad eos pervenit, illorum fit: et liber noster ab eis captus, servus fit, et eorum. Idemque est si ab illis ad nos aliquid perveniat. Hoc quoque igitur casu, postliminium datum est. (Dig. 1. 49, t. 15, l. 5.) |