bed. Our limited time prevented us from visiting the battery to the north of Fort Moultrie. We learn, however, that though many of the buildings around it had been struck several times, and fences, trees, etc., cut away, the battery sustained no injury. Providentially, no hot shot was thrown from Sumter-probably from the fact that the garrison had no fuel."

The battery on Cumming's Point had escaped without damage, beyond six indentations in its iron armor, showing the accuracy of the firing of Fort Sumter, as well as proving the invulnerability of the novel structure.

The greatest interest had been naturally displayed by the people of Charleston at the approach of and during the bombardment of Fort Sumter. The enthusiasm was described as "intense, and the eagerness for the conflict, if it must come, as unbounded." For days before the attack, the citizens of Charleston were alert with expectation. Thus, at midnight, on one occasion, a discharge of the signal guns of Citadel Square being fired, the whole city was aroused. Hundreds of men left their beds, hurrying to and fro toward their respective posts. In the absence of sufficient armories, the armed citizens gathered at the corners of the streets, in the public squares, and other convenient places, and all night long the roll of the drum, the steady tramp of the military, and the gallop of the cavalry resounding through the city betokened, apparently, the approach of the long-expected hostilities. The Home-Guard corps of old men, who from

their age were exempt from the ordinary military duties, rode through the city, arousing the soldiers to arms, and doing other duty required by the emergency. Numbers of citizens were up all night. The Seventeenth Regiment, eight hundred strong, mustered in an hour, and left for the fortifications. The Rutledge Mounted Riflemen, the Charleston Dragoons, the German Hussars, and Phenix Sharpshooters, composed of the citizens of Charleston, followed, and in a short space several thousand homes were bereft for a time of all their male members capable of bearing arms.

A

The guards of the city were trebled. One hundred "beat men," armed with muskets and revolvers, who, at the first sound of the "bell of St. Michael's," would be reinforced by eight hundred more, patrolled the streets, in addition to the usual horse and foot police. flotilla of small boats, with flaming torches, guarded the. bar every night. A veteran Southern politician, well known as a secession agitator throughout the South, the Honorable Edmund Ruffin, of Virginia, a man over sixty years of age, shouldered his rifle and marched to the works as a private ;* and even boys, hardly in their teens, volunteered to serve in the ranks, and bore part in the conflict.

From the firing of the first gun at Fort Sumter until its surrender, the intensity of interest continued unabated. Day and night the streets were thronged with people, "full of excitement and enthusiasm." The housetops, the Bat

• He fired the first gun against Fort Sumter.

tery, the wharves, the shipping, and every place from which a view could be had of the scene, were thronged by an eager multitude. When at last, after thirty-three hours of impatient watching of the struggle, the Confederate flag rose upon the ruined walls of Fort Sumter, the bells of all the churches in the city of Charleston rang out "a merry peal," and the citizens became "wild with joy."*

14.

General Beauregard announced the April fall of Sumter in a general order, studiously flattering to his troops: HEADQUARTERS PROVISIONAL ARMY, C. S. A., CHARLESTON, S. C., April 14.

GENERAL ORDERS, No. 20. "The Brigadier-General commanding is happy to congratulate the troops under his command on the brilliant success which has crowned their gallantry, privations, and hardships, by the reduction of the stronghold in the harbor of Charleston. This feat of arms has been accomplished after a severe cannonading of about thirty-three hours, in which all the troops have indicated, by their daring and bravery, that our cause must and shall triumph.

"Fort Sumter, which surrendered yesterday about 1.45 P. M., will be evacuated at 9 o'clock, A.M., to-day, and to show our magnanimity to the gallant defenders, who were only executing the

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A newspaper correspondent wrote:

The scene in the city, after the raising of the flag of truce and the surrender, is indescribable; the people were perfectly wild. Men on horseback rode through the streets proclaiming the news, amidst the greatest enthusiasm.

"On the arrival of the officers from the fort they were marched through the streets, followed by an immense

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orders of their government, they will be allowed to evacuate upon the same terms which were offered to them before the bombardment commenced. Our success should not lull us into a false security, but should encourage us in the necessary preparations to meet a powerful enemy, who may at any time attempt to avenge this, their first check in the present contest.

"The commandants of batteries will promptly send in their reports through the proper channels, giving a journal of the firing of their batteries against Fort Sumter, and of the fire of Fort Sumter against their batteries; furnishing the names of those who particularly distinguished themselves, and other incidents relative thereto, in order that the General commanding may be able to make known to the Confederate States Government, in a proper manner, their bravery and gallantry.

"The General is highly gratified to state that the troops, by their labor, privations, and endurance at the batteries, and at their posts, have exhibited the highest characteristics of tried soldiers, and he takes the occasion to thank all, his staff, the regulars, the volunteers, the militia, the naval forces, and the numerous individuals who have contributed to the surrender of Fort Sumter. "By order of Brigadier-General Beauregard,

"D. R. JONES, Ass't. Adj.-General." The authorities at Montgomery, the seat of the Confederate Government, were honored on the occasion by a

Throughout all the States which had already seceded, great delight was manifested at the fall of Sumter. Even in Virginia, which still affected to be loyal, but whose convention was on the eve of passing an ordinance of secession, a "wild shout" of delight went up from the crowds which had gathered about the newspaper offices, eager for the news, when the telegram was announced: "Sumter is taken, and the Confederate flag waves over it!"

At the North, the progress of the bombardment, as it was briefly told in the hourly telegrams, was watched with painful anxiety. Many doubted, it is true, the ability of Major Anderson to hold out, although generally the hope was entertained of a successful issue to the attempt of the Government to reinforce him. When, therefore, the daily newspaper, so eagerly clutched and read, gave out with spasmodic emphasis its costive revelations, the public mind was tortured with doubt and fear. First came the brief announcement: "The cannonading is going on fiercely from all points." Then followed immediately the ominous intelligence: "Fort Sumter is on fire!" relieved, however, by the cheering news: "The Federal flag still

gence was, however, mitigated by the encouraging assurance, "This does not in anywise diminish his strength." "The destruction of Fort Sumter is inevitable," was the next disheartening word; but in a succeeding paragraph hope smiled once more with the declaration, that "Two ships are making in toward Morris Island, with a view to land troops and silence the batteries there." "The flames have nearly subsided in Fort Sumter," was again a hopeful gleam of sunshine, blotted out, however, by the dark line which closed the paragraph: "but Major Anderson does not fire any guns." Finally came the announcement of the last scene of the exciting drama: "CHARLESTON, via AUGUSTA, April 13, 1861.

"FORT SUMTER HAS SURRENDERED!

"The Confederate flag floats over its walls!

"None of the garrison or Confederate troops are hurt.

"The bombarding has closed.

ing him as one of its heroes who had gallantly sustained the honor of the United States flag.

Robert Anderson was born in Kentucky. In 1821 he was admitted a cadet at the military academy of West Point. After completing the usual four years' course of study, he graduated on the 1st of July, 1825, and entered the army as second lieutenant of the Second, but was soon after transferred to the Third, Artillery. During the Black Hawk war, in 1832, he served as acting inspectorgeneral of the Illinois volunteers, of which Mr. Lincoln, now President, was captain.

In June, 1833, Anderson was promoted to a first lieutenantcy, and in 1835 he became assistant instructor of artillery in the military academy at West Point. After serving for three or four months in the subordinate position, he was appointed instructor-in-chief of this branch of study, and held the place until 1837. In 1838, he was selected by General Scott as one of his aids-decamp, and served in the campaign against the Indians in Florida. He was He was rewarded for his gallant conduct by promotion, in 1838, to the brevet rank of captain. In the same year he served as adjutant-general, but resigned in 1841, on being promoted to the captaincy of his own regiment.

During the Mexican war, Captain Anderson served under General Scott, whom he accompanied in all his triumphs, from the siege of Vera Cruz to the capture of the Mexican capital. He greatly distinguished himself at El

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Molino del Rey, one of the hardest fought battles of the whole campaign. Here, while acting field officer, he was severely wounded, but continued at the head of his column, "regardless of pain and self-preservation, and setting a handsome example"-wrote Captain Blake in his report-" to his men of coolness, energy, and courage." His services on that day won for him his brevet as major. His conduct of the battery he commanded at Chapultepec elicited the praise of Scott, who mentioned him in his dispatches with an emphatic declaration of his great services.

On the 18th of November, 1860, Major Anderson was ordered to Fort Moultrie, in the harbor of Charleston, to relieve Colonel Gardiner, sent to Texas. His judicious movement in abandoning this post, as well as his defence and final surrender of Fort Sumter, have been already described.

The want of concert of action between Major Anderson and the fleet has been the source of perplexity. Some have attributed it to the fact that the message to him, to him, conveying the intention of his government, had been studiously withheld by the authorities at Charleston. Others, however, have surmised that it was never seriously designed to expose the armed vessels to the fire of the Charleston forts, and that Major Anderson, made aware of this circumstance through his private dispatches, had acted accordingly. It has been also suggested that the administration at Washington had intended only to make a demonstration of force, without con

templating the exercise of it, either for the purpose of intimidating the people of Charleston, or precipitating them, if war was their purpose, into the first act of hostility, while the Government was performing an obvious act of duty in making an attempt to supply a starving garrison with provisions. Whatever may have been the real or pretended object, the first gun fired by the Charleston forts was considered an act of war against the Union, and rallied all its friends to its defence.

Anderson's report of the surrender of Fort Sumter was brief, and to the point: "Having defended," he wrote to the secretary of war, Cameron, "Fort Sumter for thirty-four hours, until the quarters were entirely burned, the main gates destroyed by fire, the gorge wall seriously injured, the magazine surrounded by flames, and its door closed from the effects of the heat, four barrels and three cartridges of powder only being available, and no provisions but pork remaining, I accepted terms of evacuation offered by General Beauregard, being the same offered by him on the 11th instant [April], prior to the commencement of hostilities, and marched out of the fort Sunday afternoon, the 14th instant [April], with colors flying and drums beating, bringing away company and private property, and saluting my flag with fifty guns."

officers and men under your command at forts Moultrie and Sumter, the approbation of the Government of your and their judicious and gallant conduct there, and to tender to you and them the thanks of the Government for the same."

Major Anderson, as an adopted hero of the country, became at once an object. of universal curiosity. His portrait was displayed in every shop-window, and his name was soon familiar to every ear. Personally there is nothing very impressive about the "hero of Fort Sumter." A man of small stature and shrunken frame, he would easily pass unnoticed. The general expression of his face is that of quiet amiability, yet in the keenness of his concentrated eyes and in the firm closure of his thin lips there are signs of a resoluteness equal to the severest trials of a soldier's profession.

There is a simple earnestness, to which a certain puritanical fervor of piety gives zest, that marks all his words and writings, and commends him to the sympathy of the unsophisticated multitude.

His raising of the flag he had brought with him from Fort Moultrie, as he took possession of Fort Sumter, was accompanied by a ceremony characteristic of Major Anderson's devotional tendencies. Having gathered all his

"I am directed," he wrote, "by the President of the United States, to communicate to you, and through you to the

halyards in his hand, and kneeling down, directed the chaplain to offer a prayer. At its close, having fervently uttered the "Amen," in which he was