presented,1 the class legislation principle being thus avoided, as the old law was declared unconstitutional on that ground (see § 2)13 (For typical laws see note.)14

It is usury to discount wages at over 10 per cent before pay day in Arkansas.

SEC. 4. COMPANY STORES, ETC.-In line with the statutes referred to in the last section, the running by companies or individual employers of general supply stores is, in Maryland, Pennsylvania,* and Illi

12 Mo. 1895, p. 206. Since repealed. Mo. 1899, p. 305.

13 So in North Carolina (N. C. 1889, 280; 1891, 78) no person or corporation may issue in payment for labor orders or tickets not transferable, or in any form that would render them void by transfer from the person to whom issued, but all such tickets, etc., shall be paid to the person holding the same their face value (but not in money: State v. Moore, 113 N. C., 697). But now, apparently, they must be paid in money, in the absence of special contract (1895, 127).

In Wisconsin lumber and building corporations must give employees written evidence of indebtedness when the payment of their wages is deferred (Wis. 1891, 430). 14 Thus, in New York (G. L. 32, 1, § 9):

Cash payment of wages.-Every manufacturing, mining, quarrying, mercantile, railroad, street railway, canal, steamboat, telegraph and telephone company, every express company, and every water company, not municipal, shall pay to each employee engaged in its business the wages earned by him in cash. No such company or corporation shall pay its employees in scrip, commonly known as store money orders.

New Jersey (Rev., p. 1375):

SEC. 1 (as amended by section 4, page 771, Supplement of 1886). It shall not be lawful for any person or corporation in this State to issue, for payment of labor, any order or other paper whatsoever, unless the same purport to be redeemable for its face value at sight in lawful money of the United States, by the person giving or issuing the same: Provided, however, Nothing in this act contained shall be held to prevent any employer from making any deduction for money due him from any laborer or employee: And provided, however, Nothing in this act contained shall prevent any private individual from giving any orders for goods or merchandise on any store in which such private individual has no interest, directly or indirectly, in the profits or business.

SEC. 2 (as amended by section 3, page 771, Supplement of 1886). If any person or corporation shall issue, for payment of labor, any paper, in violation of the first section of this act, he, she, or they shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be fined in any sum not to exceed five hundred dollars, at the discretion of the court.

(Sup., p. 771):

SEC. 7. It shall not be lawful for any glass manufacturer, Ironmaster, foundryman, collier, factoryman, employer, cranberry grower or his agent or company, their agents or clerks, to pay the wages of workmen or employees by them employed in either store goods, merchandise, printed, written, verbal orders, or due bills of any kind.

SEC. 8. Any glass manufacturer, ironmaster, foundryman, collier, factoryman, employer, cranberry grower or his agent, or company paying to the said workmen or employees, or authorizing their clerks or agents to pay the wages, or any part thereof, in either store goods, merchandise, printed, written, verbal orders, or due bills of any kind, except as aforesaid, shall forfeit the amount of said pay or any part of wages of said workman or employee given in store goods, merchandise, printed, written, verbal orders, or due bills of any kind, and the same not to offset against the wages of said workman or employees, but he or they shall be entitled to recover the full amount of his or their wages, as though no such store goods, merchandise, printed, written, verbal orders, or due bills had been given or paid; and no settlement made with such employer shall bar such action until after a lapse of one year from such settlement.

SEC. 9. The provisions of this act shall extend to all seamstresses, females and minors employed in factories or otherwise.

SEC. 10. (As amended by chapter 129, acts of 1888). Any glass manufacturer, ironmaster, foundryman, collier, factoryman, employer or company offending against the provisions of this act, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and punishable by a fine

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nois,* forbidden.1 In some States it is made a penal offense to compel or coerce an employee to deal with such stores or with any particular person or corporation. In others, "it is unlawful for any manufacturer, firm, or corporation who own or control a store for the sale of general store goods or merchandise in connection with their manufacturing or other business to attempt to control their employees or laborers in the purchase of store goods or supplies at such stores by withholding the payment of wages longer than the usual time." In other States the prohibition is only against selling to employees at a higher profit than to others, or than to cash customers, or at higher

of not less than ten dollars or more than one hundred dollars for each and every offense, or imprisonment not to exceed the term of thirty days, at the discretion of the court.

Indiana (R. S.):

SEC. 7060. Any person, copartnership, corporation or association, or any memoer, agent or employee thereof, who shall publish, issue or circulate any check, card or other paper, which is not commercial paper payable at a fixed time in any bank in this State, at its full face value in lawful money of the United States with 8 pe. cent interest or by bank check or currency issued by authority of the United States Government, to any employee of such person, copartnership, corporation, or association, n payment for any work or labor, done by such employee or in payment for any labor contracted to be done by such employee shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof, shall be fined in any sum not more than one hundred dollars.

SEC. 7066. Any person, copartnership, corporation or association, or any member, agent or employee thereof, who shall publish, issue or circulate any check, card or other paper, which is not commercial paper payable at a fixed time in any bank in this State at its full face value, in lawful money of the United States, with eight per cent interest, or by bank check or currency issued by authority of the United States Government, to any employee of such person, copartnership, corporation or association, in payment for any work or labor done by such employee, or in payment for any labor contracted to be done by such employee, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be fined in any sum not more than one hundred dollars.

Illinois (1895, p. 263, § 1):

Any time check or store order issued or given as compensation for labor performed, shall be redeemable, at the option of the person to whom the same was issued or given or upon his written order, in bankable currency. Any person who violates this act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be punished by a fine not to exceed one hundred (100) dollars or confined in the county jail not to exceed thirty (30) days or both in the discretion of the court.

Missouri (1895, p. 206):

SEC. 1. It shall not be lawful for any person, firm or corporation in this State to issue, pay out or circulate, for payment of the wages of labor, any order, note, check, memorandum, token, evidence of indebtedness, or other obligation, unless the same is negotiable and redeemable at its face value, in lawful money of the United States, by the person, firm or corporation issuing the same.

SEC. 2. All persons, firms or corporations issuing or circulating any such order, note, check, memorandum, token, evidence of indebtedness, or other obligation, shall be at all times during the business hours of the day prepared to redeem, and shall redeem, all such orders, notes, checks, memorandum, tokens, evidence of indebtedness, or other obligation, when presented at their place of business or office, at their face value, in good and lawful money of the United States, or in goods, at the option of the holder.

́1In Maryland the statute applies to railways and mines only (Md. 23, 202; 1898, 493). In Pennsylvania and Illinois the prohibition applies only to mining and manufacturing corporations (Pa. Dig., pp. 1293, 1385; Ill. 48, 6—annulled as unconstitutional). 2Ohio 7016; Ind. An. S. 7072, 7073, 7074; Iowa 1888, 55, 2; Kans. 1897, 145; Má. 1898, 493, 5 (in Allegany Co.); Tenn. 1887, 208; Mo. 7060 (since repealed, as unconstitutional); Wash. 2532; W. Va., p. 1002, §2; Ky. 1898, 15 (in mining industries only); Colo. 1899, 155.

3 N. J. Sup., p. 772, §12; Tenn. 1887, 155.

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prices than the market value; and such debts are made not collectible, or (as in Ohio and West Virginia) the employee may recover back double such excess in price." The Pennsylvania statute is printed in full in note ".

4 Ohio 7016; Ind. 7061, 7067; Va. 1887, 391, 4; W. Va. Code, p. 1002, §2. 5 Ohio, W. Va. ib.

"Thus, in Pennsylvania (Dig., p. 1293):

SEC. 13. Every manufacturing, mining or quarrying company incorporated under the provisions of this act, shall be confined exclusively to the purposes of its creation, as specified in its charter, and no such company shall manufacture or sell any commodity or articles of merchandise other than those therein specified. No such company shall engage in, nor shall it permit any of its employees or officials to engage in, the buying or selling, upon the lands possessed by it, of any wares, goods or commodities or merchandise, other than those specified in their charter, or necessary for the manufacture of the same. No such company shall permit to be withheld or authorize or direct the withholding of wages due any of its operatives or employees, by reason of the sale or furnishing of goods, wares or merchandise by any person to such operatives or employees, unless the same be withheld by reason of and in obedience to due process of law. But nothing herein contained shall prohibit any such person from supplying to its employees oil, powder or other articles and implements necessary for or used in mining.

SEC. 45. (p. 1385). On and after the passage of this act it shall not be lawful for any mining or manufacturing corporation of this Commonwealth, or the officers or stockholders of any such corporation, acting in behalf or in the interest of any such corporation, to engage in or carry on, by direct or indirect means, any store known as a company store, general supply store or store where goods and merchandise other than such as have been mined or manufactured by the mining or manufacturing corporation, of which said officers or stockholders are members, are kept or offered for sale.

SEC. 46. No mining or manufacturing corporation engaged in business under the laws of this Commonwealth shall lease, grant, bargain or sell to any officer or stockholder of any such corporation, nor to any other person or persons whatsoever, the right to keep or maintain upon the property of any such corporation any company, general supply or other store in which goods other than those mined or manufactured by the corporation granting such right shall be kept or exposed for sale whenever such lease, grant, bargain or sale as aforesaid is intended to defeat the provisions of the first section of this act. Nor shall any such mining or manufacturing corporation, through its officers, stockholders or by any rule or regulation of its business, make any contract with the keepers or owners of any store, whereby the employees of such corporation shall be obliged to trade with such keeper or owner, and that any such contract made in violation of this act shall be prima facie evidence of the fact that such store is under the control of such mining or manufacturing corporation and in violation of this act.

SEC. 47. For any violation of any of the provisions of this act by any mining or manufacturing corporation aforesaid, such mining or manufacturing corporation so offending shall forfeit all charter rights granted to it under the laws of this Commonwealth, and it is hereby declared and made the duty of the attorney-general of this Commonwealth, upon complaint of such violation of any of the provisions of this act by a petition signed and sworn to by two or more citizens, residents of the county where the offense is sworn to have been committed, to immediately commence proceedings against the corporation or corporations complained against by a writ of quo

warranto.

In Ohio (R. S.):

SEC. 7015. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, company or corporation to sell, give, deliver, or in any manner issue, directly or indirectly, to any person employed by him or it in payment of wages due for labor, or as advances on the wages of labor not due, any scrip, token, draft, check or other evidence of indebtedness purporting to be payable or redeemable otherwise than in money; any violation of the provisions of this section shall be punishable by a fine not less than twenty-five nor more than one hundred dollars, or imprisonment for not more than thirty days, or both; and any such scrip, token, check, draft, or other evidence of indebtedness issued in violation of the provisions of this section, whatever its provisions as to the time or manner of payment shall be, in legal effect, an instrument for the unconditional payment of money only on demand, and the amount thereof may be collected

SEC. 5. SCREEN LAWS IN COAL MINES. Most of the coal-mining States have passed statutes providing generally for the fair weighing,

in money by any holder thereof in a civil action against the person, firm or corporation selling, delivering, or in any manner, or for any purpose issuing the same; and such holder may be either the person to whom such instrument was originally issued, or who acquired the same by purchase and delivery; and any scrip, token, check, draft or other evidence of indebtedness, issued in violation of the provisions of this section, and presented by the holder thereof, shall be taken as prima facie evidence in any court of the guilt or indebtedness of any person, firm, company or corporation selling, giving, delivering, or in any manner issuing the same, and for the purposes of this act in case of a firm or corporation, the person selling, giving, delivering, or in any manner issuing said scrip, token, check, draft, order, or other evidence of indebtedness shall be the defendant to the criminal action, and the firm, corporation or company shall be held as defendant to the civil action. Nothing in this section shall apply to or affect the right of any person, firm, or corporation to give orders on any store, business house, or firm in the business or profit of which he has no interest, directly or indirectly.

SEC. 7015. (1) In any civil action on such check, token, draft, or other evidence of indebtedness issued in violation of the foregoing section, the same may be declared on as an instrument for the unconditional payment of money only; but it shall be sufficient to give the form only of such instrument, together with the denomination and the number of instruments of each, denomination, if more than one is declared on; and any number of such instruments, in the same form of words, whether of the same or of different denominations, may be joined in a single count, and such joinder shall not constitute duplicity, and it shall not be necessary to give the form of such instruments more than once.

SEC. 7016. Whoever compels, or in any manner seeks to compel, or attempts to coerce, an employee of any person, firm or corporation to purchase goods or supplies from any particular person, firm or corporation, shall be fined not more than one hundred nor less than twenty dollars, or imprisoned not more than sixty days or both. And whoever sells goods or supplies of any kind, directly or indirectly, to his employee, or pays the wages, or any part of the wages of labor to his employees in goods or supplies of any kind, directly or through the intervention of scrip, order or other evidence of indebtedness, at higher prices than the reasonable or current market value in cash of goods or supplies, or whoever, without an express contract with his employee, deducts or retains the wages or any part of the wages of such employee, for ware, tools or machinery destroyed or damaged, shall be liable to like punishment and penalties above specified, and shall in addition thereto, be liable in civil action to the party aggrieved, in double the amount of any charges made for such ware, tools and machinery in the one case, and in the other case, for such goods and supplies, in excess of the reasonable or current market value in cash, of such goods or supplies. In Indiana (R. S.):

SEC. 7072. It shall be unlawful for any owner, corporation, association, company, firm or person engaged in this State in mining coal, ore or other minerals or quarrying stone, or in manufacturing iron, steel, lumber, staves, heading, barrels, brick, tile, machinery, agricultural or mechanical implements, or any article of merchandise to directly or indirectly procure any person or persons to execute any contract or agreement by the terms of which such person or persons agree to purchase any article of merchandise, food, groceries or supplies of any particular person, corporation, association, firm or company, or any particular place, shop or store in this State.

SEC. 7073. It shall be unlawful for any owner, manager, superintendent, operator, bank boss, agent or employer employed in any of the occupations described in section 1 of this bill [section 7071], to hold out any tokens or inducements, or make any threats or promises of reward, or in any other way by words or acts, to coerce any of their employees to buy any article of merchandise, food, groceries or supplies of any particular person, corporation, association, firm or company, or at any particular place, shop or store in this State.

SEC. 7074. It shall be unlawful for any owner, manager, superintendent, operator. bank boss, agent or employer to attempt by words or acts to coerce any of their employees to buy any article of merchandise, food, groceries or supplies of any particular person, corporation, association, firm or company, or at any particular place, shop or store in this State.

SEC. 7075. Every owner, corporation, association, company, firm, person, manager, superintendent, bank boss, agent or employer, who shall violate any of the provisions

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etc., of coal at mines,1 or that the coal must be weighed and credited to miners in determining the amount of wages due them before it is screened. The latter statute, however, has been held unconstitutional in Illinois and West Virginia, and by an opinion of the supreme court of Colorado, but has recently been sustained by the supreme court of Kansas, and, as to corporations, in West Virginia.

SEC. 6. OTHER METHODS OF PAYMENT, LABOR ON SHARES, ETC.

of this act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be fined in any sum not more than two hundred dollars.

In Tennessee (1887, 208):

SECTION. 1. It shall be unlawful for any joint stock company, association, or corporation, organized, chartered, or incorporated by and under the laws of this State, or operated or doing business in this State under its laws, either as owner or lessee, having persons in their service as employees, to discharge any employee or employees, or to threaten to discharge any employee or employees in their service for voting or for not voting in any election, State, county, or municipal, for any person as candidate or measure submitted to a vote of the people, or to threaten to discharge any such employee or employees for trading or dealing, or for not trading or dealing as a customer or patron with any particular merchant or other person or class of persons in any business calling, or to notify any employee or employees either by general or special notice, directly or indirectly, secretly or openly given, not to trade or deal as customer or patron with any particular merchant or person or class of persons, in any business or calling, under penalty of being discharged from the service of such joint stock company, corporation, or association doing business in this State as aforesaid.

SEC. 2. Any joint stock company, association, or corporation organized, chartered, or incorporated under the laws of this State, or operated in this State violating any of the provisions of the foregoing section, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction shall pay a fine of not less than one hundred dollars and not more than one thousand dollars for each offense for which convicted.

SEC. 3. Any person acting as an officer or agent of any joint stock companies, associations, or corporations of the kind and character herein before described, or for any one of them, who makes or executes any notice, order, or threat of the kind and character hereinbefore forbidden, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction shall pay a fine of not less than one hundred dollars and not more than five hundred dollars, and be imprisoned in county jail not less than ten days nor more than three months.

1Pa. Dig. 1897, 224; Ohio 1898, p. 163; Ind. 1891, 49; Ill. 93, 20–33; W. Va., p. 998, 1891, 82; Iowa 1888, 53; Kans. 1893, 188; Ky. 1885, 6, 1251; Tenn. 1887, 206; Ala. 1895, 140; 1897, 486; Mo. 7055; 1899, p. 305; Ark. 1899, 102; Utah 1897, 19; Colo. 1897, 37; Wyo. 1890, 79; N. Mex. 1889, 126.

2 Pa. 1897, 224; Ohio 1898, p. 33; Ind. ib. 5; 54; Kans. 1893, 188; W. Va. ib.; Mo. 7054; Wyo. 1890, 79.

Ill. 1887, p. 235; 1891, p. 170; Iowa 1888, 1899, p. 304; Ark. ib.; Wash. 1891, 161;

The Pennsylvania statute reads as follows (1897, 224):

SECTION 1. It shall be unlawful for any mine owner, lessee or operator of any bituminous coal mine in this Commonwealth, employing miners at bushel or ton rates, or other quantity, to pass the output of coal mined by said miners over any screen or other device which shall take any part from the weight, value or quantity thereof, before the same shall have been weighed and duly credited to the employee sending the same to the surface and accounted for at the legal rate of weight fixed by the laws of this Commonwealth.

SEC. 2. Any owner, lessee or operator of any bituminous coal mine, violating the provisions of this act, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall, upon conviction, for each and every such offense be punished by a fine of not less than one hundred ($100) dollars nor more than five hundred ($500) dollars, or by imprisonment in the county jail for a period not to exceed ninety days, or by both such fine and imprisonment, at the diseretion of the court; proceedings to be instituted in any court of competent jurisdiction.

The Illinois statute (the part not held unconstitutional, G. S., 93, 20–24) : SEC. 20. The owner, agent or operator of every coal mine in this State at which the miners are paid by weight, shall provide at such mines suitable and accurate scales