manent result is reached; slavery in order to be profitable must always expand into new territory, for which the older states must raise the slaves, and they must be treated in all respects, not like human beings under the law of God, but like valuable cattle under the law of the master.、 It is one of the infernal necessities of the system, without which it would no longer be profitable slavery.

I know that persons are found of such shallow and unphilosophical views, that when asked what has produced the remarkable downward tendency in American slavery, they can reply, Abolitionism! You might as well say that the Northern wind has produced the falls of Niagara! Slavery is not an institution that "sinks, by compulsion and laborious flight" "It its proper motion to descend." It is its own native tendency to the pit that has made it fall.

But what has freedom been doing with territory during these 70 years under review.

1 reply, while slavery has been swinging the lash, freedom has been swinging the axe. This has been the humble but most mighty instrument of Northern civilization and progress. A perfect axe with a perfect handle is made no where except at the North, and no one can wield it with the skill, precision, and unwearying force of a Northern arm.

The freemen of the North, commencing at the Atlantic states,have marched directly westward, not to acquire new territory but to subdue and cultivate what was theirs. The forests have fallen and disappeared. A friend of my early youth penetrated to where from a summit nothing could be seen but one boundless expanse of primeval forest, against which northern steel had never been lifted up. And now nothing can be seen from the same summit, but church spires and smiling villages and glorious harvest fields. Over many millions of acres the same transformation has been witnessed during the last 30 years.

In 1850 freedom, with all her disadvantages àt the starting point, had built 16 free states and had gained the power of poli

By that census the value of the entire cotton crop

was

That of

Dols. 78,000,000

And the whole amount of the twelve chief products sold by weight was 155,227,000 dollars.

Against all this the single item of Hay in the free states foots up to 142,000,000 of dollars. Cassius M. Clay of Kentucky significantly remarked on noticing that item "Cotton is dead and Grass is king."

Add to this, Butter and chesse 52,000,000

1

Wool 14,000,000 Maple Sugar, Tobacco, and Hemp 6,000,000

Total value of articles by weight 214,000,000

This gives us a balance of 59,000,000 annually in favor of free labor in this class of products alone. In cereals and all other articles sold by measure, the South produced 481,000,000 of bushels valued at 307,000,000, the North 499,000,000 of bushels at 351,000,000 dollars, a difference again in favor of freedom of 44,000,000 annually. In live stock upon the farms, and in slanghtered animals, the difference in favor of freedom is 45 millions, making a total of 148 millions of dollars annually! This has caused great chagrin and humiliation to the South; and is one of the grand demonstrations that under no circumstances however favorable can slavery compete with freedom.

Since 1850 the cereal products of the South have decreased to an extent which previous to the rebellion had begun to to alarm the planters. Colton however in the meantime had nearly doubled. In 1856,1857 and 1858 the Cotton crops amounted to about 131,000,000 and in 1859 to 161,000,000, the largest rop ever produced, and giving an average for the four years

of 158,500,000 dollars. In 1859 there was a great failure in the grain crops of the West, which will seriously affect the census of 1860 based upon the products of that year. But there can be no doubt that the developement of the agricultural industry of the North and West, has been fully equal to the developement of the Cotton culture of the South, and without any diversion from other branches of industry. Slave labor cannot adapt itself profitably to a great variety of products, and the planters have found it for their interest to abandon every thing for cotton, in the entire confidence that cotton will control every thing.

This result in agriculture is doubtless very different from popular impressions. Southern writers and agents have industriously circulated in Europe the grossest misrepresentations of the comparative productiveness of the North and South. As an example take the following from the London Economist, which some Southern maker of statistics has evidently imposed upon that Excellent Journal.

"The little State of South Carolina produces five sixths of the rice crop of America, and more wheat than all the New England states together. She produces as much Indian corn as NewYork, and more than all the New England states. In 1850 South Carolina's production of corn was 20,000,000 bushels. Her potatoe, bean and pea crops are very large, usually exceeding by 1,000,000 bushels those of Maine. According to the latest statistics, South Carolina further produces more peas and beans by 180,000 bushels, than all the northern states together, New-York alone excepted; more beef cattle than Pennsylvania by 1,740, and almost as many as all the New England States together; more sheep than lowa and Wisconsin by 10,699; more hogs than New-York by 17,254; more hogs than Pennsylv ania by 25,137, and 86,000 more than all the New England States, and New Jersey, Michigan, and Wisconsin together. She produces 10,000 more horses and mules than Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island together.

"So much for the food resources, of South Carolina alone." I will not enter into the swinish part of this argument at all, except to remark that all the statements are exaggerated, and that the pigs are fattened upon the Indian corn, and that all the slaves and the vast poor white population are fed upon pork and corn. To South Carolina it is a matter of life and death to produce these articles in large amounts.

The only just comparison would be between all the productions and values of two States: and for this purpose, let us take South Carolina and Massachusetts, the one the great champion of slavery, the other of freedom; bearing in mind that South Carolina has nearly four times the territory of Massachusetts. By the census of 1850 the value of farms in South Carolina was 86,500,000 dollars, in Massachusetts 112,285,000 dols. although the territory is four times less! This fact alone is enough to finish the argument.

Real and personal property in South Carolina 288,257,000 dollars; in Mass. 573,342,000 dollars. In South Carolina property all the slaves are included. Entire annual production of manufactures in S. Carolina 7,000,000 dollars; in Mass. 151,000,000 dolls. Annual values of all kinds in S. C. 72,907,000 dolls; in Mass. 201,713,000 dols. Entire exports of S. C. for the year ending June 1857, 16,140,000 dolls; entire imports 2,019,000. Entire exports of Mass. for the same period 30,146,000 dolls; entire imports 47,265,000 dolls. Value of church edifices in S. C. 907,000 dols; in Mass. 10,500,000 dols. Annual Expenditure for public school education in S. C. 74,000 dols; experditure for the same in Mass. derived from the state, from tuition, from funded property and from city taxes for Boston schools considerably exceeds 2,000,000 dols. South Carolina has four times the territory of Massachusetts she has a richer soil, a-healthier climate, and yet slavery has dwarfed her into utter insignificance in the comparison. COMMERCE. A few figures will give us the result here.

The free states own a tonnage of 4,252,615 tons, and the slave states 855,517 tons, leaving a balance of 3,400,000 in favor of freedom on the seas. The little state of Massachusetts has a tonnage greater by 120,000 than the 135 slave states, although her seacoast is about 200 miles, and theirs is 3,500, besides the great navigable rivers.

The exports of the free states in 1855 were 167,500,000; of the slave states 107,000,000. In 1860, the exports of each were nearly equal, 167,000,000 or 335,000,000 for the whole United States. This however was owing to the double fact of the universal failure of cereals North and West, and of a cotton crop greater by 30,000,000 dollars than had ever been produced. It is safe to say that the balance of exports is largely in favor of the North, although the amount will depend upon how we interpret the vast exportation from New Orleans, which the census gives entirely to slavery. Any one can see however that freedom has a large share in what the Mississippi and its grand tributaries send forth to the world. The imports from 1855 to 1859 averaged 303,000,000 dollars annually, of which an average of less than 30;000,000, that is less than one tenth was for the slave states, and consequently more than nine tenths for the free states! In entire accordance with this, the Custom House receipts at the South are less than one tenth of those at the North: this would seem incredible, were it not for the fact that many of the imported goods finally go to the South from Boston, New York end Philadelphia. Still however there can be but a slight consumption of foreign goods at the South com pared with the North. Of its twelve millions, four millions are slaves and consume nothing of foreign goods. Of the remaining eight millions at least five millions are what the slave holders are accustomed, most expressively and contemptuously, to call the "poor white trash". Superior to the slaves in the fact of freedom, their physical comforts are often inferior to his, and as consumers of imported goods they must be taken at