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9. We now descend to the hard parts of the body, which have the least of life in them. This is a very correct representation of the Osseous system, or the bony parts which may be aptly

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called the basis, or foundation, of the splendid temple we live in; which is three stories high; viz. the cavity below the diaphragm, the one above it, and the skull. Examine, minutely, each part, the situation and attachment of the different bones of the head, the five short ribs, and the seven long ones, the breast-bone, &c. In a complete human frame, there are 250 bones: they afford us the means of locomotion. Do you see any analogy between the body and language?

10. ZOOLOGY-(the doctrine or science of life,) is a necessary element of education. Whose curiosity has not been excited by the innumerable living beings, and things, with which we are surrounded? Is it not desirable to scrutinize their interiors, and see how they are made, and understand their various uses? Look at a man, a fish, a spider, an oyster, a plant, a stone; observe their differences, in many respects, and their similarities in others: they all have essence, form, use. The tendency of the study of the three kingdoms of nature, the Animal, Vegetable, and Mineral,

is to emancipate the human mind from the dark-constituting the nutritive function of which living ness and slavery of ignorance, into the light and liberty of rational humanity. The things of the Animal kingdom live, and move from an interior power; those of the Vegetable kingdom grow; and those of the Mineral kingdom do not live or grow; they simply exist.

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into the particulars of our subject; which is done in the succeeding parts of this introduction: however, let the reader bear in mind, that only the outlines of subjects are given in the book, designed for such as are determined to dig for truth and for hidden treasures; eternal principles, as whose motto is "Press On."

Animals and Plants endure for a time, and under specific forms, by making the external world a part of their own being; i. e. they have the power imparted to them of self-nourishment, and when this outward supply ceases they die, having completed their term of duration : hence, death, to material existences, is a necessary consequence of life. Not so with minerals: they exist so long as external forces do not destroy them: and if they increase, it is simply by the juxtaposition of other bodies; and if they diminish, it is by the action of a force, or power, from without. Has not every thing its circle? How in

Animals and Plants increase by nutrition: Minerals by accretion. In infancy, we weigh but a few pounds: at adult age, we exceed one hundred pounds. Whence, but from foreign sub-teresting must be the history of all things, anistances, are the materials of which our organs are composed? In sickness, extreme emaciation proves that our bodies may lose a portion of their bulk, and give back to the world what was once its own. Thus, composition and decomposition,

mate and inanimate! Oh that we had eyes to see, and ears to hear, every thing that is manifested around us, within us, and above us!

13. If we would have the Mind act on the Body, and the Body react on the Mind, in an or

derly, and, consequently, beneficial manner, it is necessary that the body be in a natural and upright position. The following engraving represents the Thorax, or Chest, which contains the Heart and Lungs; and reason teaches, that no organs should be in the least infringed upon, either by compressions, or by sitting in a bent position. The Lungs are reservoirs for the air, out of which we make sounds, by condensation. All are familiar with the hand-bellows: observe the striking analogy between it and the body, in the act of speaking, singing and blowing. The wind-pipe is like its nosle, the lungs like the sides, and the abdominal and dorsal muscles, like its handles; of course, to blow with ease and power, one must take hold of the handles; to speak and sing right, the lower muscles must be used; for there is only one right way of doing anything.

Larynx, ...

Wind-pipe,...

Collar bone,..

Bronchia,

Heart & Lungs,

7 Long Ribs,.
Diaphragm,.
5 Short Ribs, .
Dorsal and

Abdominal
Muscles...

14. This is a view of a well developed and naturally proportioned chest; with space for the lungs, the short ribs thrown outwardly, affording ample room for the free action of the organs: it is the true model of the form of one who would live to a good old age.

15. TIGHT DRESSING. No one can enjoy good health, or perform any kind of labor with ease, or read, speak, or sing, when the thorax is habitually compressed. It diminishes the capacity of the lungs, for receiving the necessary quantity of air to purify the blood, and prevents the proper action of the diaphragm. The following engraving shows the alarming condition of the chest, when compressed by tight lacing; a practice that has hurried, and is now hurrying, hundreds of thousands to a premature grave; besides entailing upon the offspring an accumulation of evils, too awful to contemplate. What is the difference between killing one's self in five minutes with a razor, and doing it in five years by tight lacing, or any other bad habit? Our clothing should never be so tight as to prevent the air from coming between it and the body.

16. Here follows an outline of the chest, or thorax of a female, showing the condition of the bones of the body, as they appear after death, in every one who has habitually worn stays and corsets, enforced by tight lacing. But,' says one, 'I do not lace too tight.' If you lace at all, you most certainly do, and will, sooner or later, expe

rience the dreadful consequences. Observe, all the short ribs, from the lower end of the breastbone, are unnaturally cramped inwardly toward the spine, so that

the liver, stomach, and other digestive organs in that vicinity, are pressed into such a small compass, that their functions are greatly interrupted, and all the vessels,

bones and viscera are more or less distorted and enfeebled. Cease to do evil, and learn to do well.

D

17. This engraving, of a bell-shaped glass, C, C, shows how the air gets into the lungs, and some of its effects. A head is placed on the cork, T, representing the wind-pipe, and having a hole through Cit. L, represents a bladder, tied to the lower end of the cork, to indicate a lung. At D, is seen the diaphragm. The cavity of the bell represents

the inside of the thorax, where the heart and lungs are: there is no communication with the external

air, except through the hole in the cork; air, entering through that hole, can go only into the bladder. Now, when the centre of the diaphragm is raised to D, the bladder will be flaccid and devoid of air; but when it is dropped, to the situation of the dotted line, a tendency to a vacuum will be the consequence, which can be supplied with air, only through the hole in the cork; the air expanding the bladder to its full extent, is shown by the dotted circle, around L; and when the diaphragm is elevated again, the air will be forced from the bladder; thus, the lungs are inflated and exhausted by this alternate operation of the diaphragm, dominal muscles; hence, the comparison between and of the contraction and elongation of the abthe vocal organs proper, and a pair of bellows, is distinctly seen.

MUSCULAR ACTION. These two engravings represent some muscular fibres in two states: the upper one at rest, with a relaxed nervous filament ramified through the fibres, as seen under the microscope; and the lower one in

a state of contraction, and the fibres in zigzag lines, with a similar nervous filament passing over them: apply the principle to all muscles. The subject might be greatly extended; but for further information, see the Author's large work on Physiology and Psychology, which will be published as soon as convenient.

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viscera and diaphragm upwards: the lungs cooperate with the diaphragm and abdominal muscles; or rather, the soul, mind, nerves and muscles act unitedly, and thence with ease, grace and effect. Observe, the Stomach, Liver, &c. are below the diaphragm, and are dependent on it, in a measure, for their actions.

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stiffness, and too much laxity, of the muscles; be natural and easy. Avoid leaning backwards or forwards, to the right or left: and especially, of resting your head on your hand, with the elbow on something else: by which practice, many have caused a projection of one shoulder, induced spinal affections, &c. Beware of every thing that is improper: such as trying how much you can lift with one hand, &c.

20. Here follows a representation of the position of the diaphragm, and illustrations of its actions, in exhaling and inhaling. Figure 1, in the left engraving, represents the diaphragm in its greatest descent, when we draw in our breath: 2, muscles of the abdomen, when protruded to their full extent, in inhaling: 1, in the right engraving, the diaphragm in its greatest ascent in expiration: 2, the muscles of the abdomen in action, forcing the

and wholly fill up the cavity of the chest: every one has two hearts, for the two different kinds of blood, and each heart has two rooms: a, right auricle, that receives all the blood from every part of the body, through the vena cava, or large vein, which is made up of the small veins, e, e, e, e, e; it thence passes into the right ventricle, i, thence into both lungs, where it is purified; after which it passes into the left auricle, and left ventricle, then into the aorta, o, and the carotid and subclavian arteries (u, and v,) to every part of the body; returning every three or four minutes.

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the bronchial

tubes, or

branches of

the trachea, 3, 4, going to each lung; the left lung is whole; the substance of the right one is removed, to show the ramifications of the bronchial twigs, terminating in the

air-cells, 7, 7, 8, like leaves on the trees. The bronchial tubes are? the three branches of

the wind

23. Here is a horizontal view of the Glottis : N, F, are the arytenoid cartilages, connected with the chordae vocales, (vocal cords, or ligaments,) T, V, stretching across from the top of the arytenoid to the point of the thyroid cartilage: these cords can be elongated, and enlarged to produce lower sounds, and contracted and diminished for higher ones: and, at the same time, separated from each other, and allowing more condensed air to pass for the former purposes; or brought nearer together, to favor the latter: there are a great many muscles attached to the larynx, to give variety to the modifications of voice in speech and song.

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