187. The method, here recommended, of | that a, in far, is the original element of all giving the sounds, of spelling, and of teach- the vowel and vocal consonant sounds, and ing children to read without a book, and then the aspirate h, is the original element, out with a book, will save three-fourths of the la- which all the aspirate consonant sounds are bor of both teacher and pupil; and, in addi-made, as well as the vocal sounds; thus, that tion to these important considerations, there which the letter h represents, seems to inwill be an immense amount of time and ex-volve something of infinity in variety, so pense saved, and the young prevented from contracting the common bad habits of reading unnaturally; which not only obstructs the proper development of body and mind, but sows the seeds of sickness and premature death. Our motto should be, "cease to do evil, and learn to do well."

far as sounds, and their corresponding affections are concerned; for breath-is air: and without air, there can be no sound. Why was the letter h, added to the names of Abram and Sarai?

Proverbs. 1. He, who reckons without his host, must reckon again. 2. When we despise 3. danger, it often overtakes us the sooner. but their minds are still the same. 4. The corThey, who cross the ocean, may change climate, ruption, or perversion of the best things-proby their clothing, or by the sanctity of their apduces the worst. 5. We must not judge of persons

pearance. 6. If we indulge our passions, they will daily become more violent. 7. Light grief— may find utterance; but deeper sorrow can find none. 8. The difference is great-between words and deeds. 9. Poverty wants many things; avarice-every thing. 10. Let us avoid having too many irons in the fire. 11. Faithfully perform every duty, small and great. 12. Govern your thoughts, when alone, and your tongue,

188. Modes of Spelling. In the old, or common mode of spelling, there are many more sounds introduced, than the words contain: this always perplexes new beginners, whose ear-has had much more practice, in reference to language, than their eye. The great difficulty seems to be-to dispose of the parts, which amount to more than the whole for, in philosophy, it is an acknowledged principle, that the parts-are only equal to the whole. Hence, spelling by sounds of letters, instead of by names is vastly preferable: the former being perfectly philosophical, involving orderly, analysis and synthesis, and it is also mathematical, because the parts-when in company. 13. Ill got,-ill spent. are just equal to the whole: while the latter Anecdote. Finishing our Studies. Sev mode is the very reverse of all this; and in-eral young physicians were conversing, in stead of aiding, essentially, in the develop- the hearing of Dr. Rush, and one of them observed, When I have finished my stument of body and mind, tends directly to dies," "When you have finished your prevent both. studies!" said the doctor, abruptly; why, 189. Of the compound, or diphthongal and you must be a happy man, to have finished triphthongal consonants, we have twenty-them so young: I do not expect to finish three; viz: c, (z,) discern; c, (sh,) social; f, mine while I live." (v,) thereof; g, (dg,) gibe; g, (zh,) badinage; j, (dg,) judge; n, (ng,) bank; r, (burr'd,) trill; 8, (z,) was: s, (sh,) sure; s, (zh,) leisure; t, (sh,) rational; v, vivacity; w, wist; x, (ks,) ox; x, (z,) Xenia; y, youth; z, zigzag; ch, (tch,) such; ch, (sh,) chagrin; ph, (v,) nephew; th, thick; th, tho'; wh, why: deducting the duplicates, we have but twelve; c, (z,) c, (sh,) ƒ, (v,) g, (zh,) n, (ng,) r, (trill'd,) x, (ks,) x, (gz,) ch, (tch,) th, (think,) th, (that,) and wh, (when:) let them be exemplified.

46

Laconics. The kindnesses, which most men receive from others, are like traces drawn in the sand. The breath of every passion sweeps them away, and they are reinscriptions on monuments of brass, or pilmembered no more. But injuries are like lars of marble, which endure, unimpaired, the revolutions of time.

Varieties. 1. We rarely regret-having spoken too little; but often-of saying too much. 2. Which is the more extensively useful,-fire, or water? 3. A speaker, who expresses himself with fluency and discre190. It has previously been remarked, tion, will always have attentive listeners. that, strictly speaking, a, in fur, is the only 4. The spirit of party, sometimes leads even natural vowel sound in our language; and the greatest men-to descend to the meanthat the other fifteen are modifications of it; ness of the vulgar. 5. Without virtue, hapalso, that on the same principle, the aspirate, 6. When we are convinced that our opinions piness- -can never be real, or permanent. or breath sound, heard in pronouncing the sound of h, (huh, in a whisper,) is the mate-ledge it, and exchange them for truths. 7. are erroneous, it is always right to acknowrial, out of which all sounds are made; for Every love-contains its own truth. it is by condensing the breath, in the larynx, Serve God before the world! let him not go, through the agency of the vocal chords, that Until thou hast a blessing; then, resign the voice sound, of grave a is made; and, by The whole unto him, and remember who the peculiar modification, at certain points Prevailed by wrestling-ere the sun did shine; of interception, that any aspirate consonant Pour oil upon the stones, weep for thy sin, sound is produced; hence, it may be said, Then journey on, and have an eye to heaven.

191. Here a new field is open for the clas- | sification of our letters, involving the structure of all languages, and presenting us with an infinite variety, terminating in unity,-all languages being merely dialects of the original one; but in this work, nothing more is attempted, than an abridgment of the subject. As every effect must have an adequate cause, and as in material things, such as we see, hear, taste, smell, and feel, there can be no primary, but only secondary causes, we must look to the mind for the feelings and thoughts, that have given rise to all the peculiarities and modifications of language; being assured, that in the original language, each state of the will and the understanding, had its external sign, as a medi

um of manifestation.

Proverbs. 1. Do as much good as you can and make but little noise about it. 2. The Bible. is a book of laws, to show us what is right, and what is wrong. 3. What maintains one vice, would bring up two children. 4. A little wrong

done to another, is a great wrong done to ourselves. 5. Sermons-should be steeped in the heart-before they are delivered. 6. A life of attractive industry is always a happy one. 7. Drive your business before you, and it will go easily. 8. Good fences-make good neighbors. 9. Pride wishes not to owe; self-love-wishes not to pay. 10. The rotten apple injures its companion. 11. Make a virtue of necessity. 12. You can't make an auger hole with a gimblet.

Anecdote. Mathematical Honor. A student-of a certain college, gave his fellowstudent the lie; and a challenge followed. The mathematical tutor-heard of the diffi

66

192. Uses of Spelling. The object of spel-culty, and sent for the young man that gave ling, in the manner here recommended, is the challenge, who insisted, that he must Why," said two-fold; to spell by sound, in order to be fight-to shield his honor. the tutor? "Because he gave me the lie." able to distinguish the sounds, of which Very well; let him prove it: if he prove words are composed, and to pronounce it,-you did lie; but if he does not prove it, them correctly: thus developing and train- then he lies. Why should you shoot one ing the voice and ear to the highest pitch another? Will that make a lie-any more of perfection. The use of spelling by the honorable?" names of letters is, to make us acquainted with them, and the order in which they are placed in the words, so as to be able, not only to read, but to write the language: hence, we must become acquainted with both our spoken and written language, if we would avail ourselves of their wonderful capabilities, and the treasures of which they are possessed.

CICERO says, the poet-is born such; the orator is made such. But reading books of rhetoric, and eloquent extracts-choice morsels of poetry and eloquence will never make one an orator: these are only the effects of oratory. The cause of eloquence is to be sought for, only in the depths of the human mind-the true philosophy of man, and the practice of unadulterated goodness and truth. You must feel rightly, think wisely, and act accordingly: then gracefulness of style and eloquence will fit you; otherwise, you will be like the ass, clothed with the lion's skin. Accomplishment should not be Seek, then, for the an end, but a means.

193. In partially applying this doctrine, we may say, B, (bib,) represents a gutteral labial sound; 1st. c, (cent,) a dental aspirate: 2d. c, (clock,) a gulteral aspirate: 3d. c, (sacrifice,) a dental vocal consonant: 4th. c, (ocean,) a dental aspirate : 1st f. (if,) a sub-philosophy of oratory, where it is to be found, in the study of geometry, language, physics, labial and super-dental aspirate: 2df, (of) a theology, and the human mind profound, if sub-labial super-dental, vocal: 1st g, (gem,) you would attain that suavity of graceful a posterior lingual dental vocal, terminating periods, engaging looks and gestures, which in an aspirate; 2d g, (go,) a glottal vocal steal from men their hearts, and reason, and consonant: 3d g, (rouge,) a vocal dental as-make them, for the time being, your willing pirate: h, a pure aspirate, with open mouth captives. Varieties. 1. Is there any line of deand throat; l, a lingual dental; and so on to the end of our sounds, of analysis and syn-marcation between temperance and intemthesis, of which a volume might be written; perance? 2. We rarely repent-of eating too little; but often-of eating too much. and although the writer has practiced on them many thousands of times, he never has 3. Truth-is clothed in white; but a lie comes forth in all the colors of a rainbow. done it once, without learning something

new.

Notes. 1. Don't forget to understand and master every thing that relates to the subject of study and practice: the only royal highway to truth is the straight way. 2. Become as familiar with the sounds of our language as you are with the alphabet. 3.

4. St. Augustin says, "Love God; and then 5. We must not do do what you wish." evil, that good may come of it; the means— must answer, and correspond to the end. 6. Assumed qualities-may catch the fancy of some, but we must possess those that are good, to fix the heart. 7. When a thing is doubtful, refer it to the Word in sincerity; if Wash'd whiter, but not shaken—with the shock; it is not clear to you, let it alone, for the pre

As you proceed, acquire more ease and grace in reading and

speaking.

An honest man-is still an unmoved rock,

Whose heart-conceives no sinister device;
Fearless-he plays with flames, and treads on ice.

sent, at least, till it is made so.

Mind, not money-makes the man.

sounds, and breathing: the following will suffice. Take the proper position, as above recommended, and place the hands on the hips, with the thumbs on the small of the back, and the fingers on the abdominal muscles before; grasp them tightly; i. e. try to press in the abdomen, and, at the same time, to burst off the hands, by an internal effort, in the use of the muscles to produce the vowel sounds of the following words, at, et, it, ot,

194. Accent-means either stress, or 196. Some persons may wish for more quantity of voice, on a certain letter, or let-specific directions, as to the method of bringters in a word: it is made by concentrating ing the lower muscles into use, for producing the voice, on that particular place in the word, heavy, at first, then gliding into silence. There are Two WAYS of making it; first, by STRESS, when it occurs on short vowels; as, ink-stand: secondly, by QUANTITY, when it occurs on long ones; as, o-ver: i. e. when the word is short, we pronounce it with FORCE; and when it is long, with QUANTITY, and a little force too: thus, what we lack in length of sound, we make up by stress, or force, according to circumstances. These en-ut; then leave off the t, giving the vowels gravings present to the eye an idea of accent the same sound as before: or imagine that by stress, or a concentration of voice, with you have a belt tied around you, just above more or less abruptness. the hip bones, and make such an effort as would be required to burst it off; do the same in breathing, persevere, and you will succeed: but do not make too much effort.

The first-indicates that the accented vowel is near the beginning of the word; as in ac-cent, em-pha-sis, in-dus-try, on-ward, up- Proverbs. 1. A man under the influence ward: the second, that it is at, or near the of anger is beside himself. 2. Poverty, with end: as in ap-pre-hend, su-per-in-tend, in-di-honesty, is preferable to riches, acquired by disvis-i-bil-i-ty. In music, the first represents the diminish; the second-the swell of the voice.

honest means. 3. The wolf casts his hair, but never changes his ferocious disposition. 4. To wicked persons-the virtue of others-is always a subject of envy. 5. Flies-cannot enter a mouth that is shut. 6. No plea of expediency-should reconcile us to the commission of a base act. 7. Power, unjustly obtained, is of short duration. 8. Every mad-man-believes all other men mad. 9. The avaricious man-is kind to none; but least

kind to himself. 10. The beginning of knowledge

is the fear of God. 11. Of all poverty, that of the mind-is the most deplorable. 12. He only is powerful, who governs himself.

195. The first use of accent-is to convert letters, or syllables-into words, expressive of our ideas; i. e. to fasten the letters together, so as to make a word-medium for manifesting our feelings and thoughts: and the second use is to aid us in acquiring a distinct articulation, and melody of speech, and song. Exs. 1. ACCENT BY STRESS OF VOICE. He am-pli-fies his ad-ver-tise-ment, di-min-ish-es its im-pe-tus, and op-e-rates on Varieties. 1. What was it-that made the ul-ti-mates. 2. The ac-cu-ra-cy of the man miserable, and what-alone can make cer-e-mo-ny is fig-u-ra-tive of the com-pe-him happy? 2. Diffidence-is the mother of ten-cy of his up-right-ness: 3. The cat-e-safety; while self-confidence often involves pil-lar for-gets the no-bil-i-ty of or-a-to-ry us in serious difficulties. 3. He is not rich, un-just-ly; 4. The math-e-mat-ics are su- who has much, but he who has enough, and per-in-tend-ed with af-fa-bil-i-ty, cor-res- is contented. 4. It is absurd-for parents to pond-ent to in-struc-tions. preach sobriety to their children, and yet in

Notes. 1. Observe, there are but FIVE SHORT vowels indulge in all kinds of excess. 5. Nature

our language; the examples above contain illustrations of all of

them, in their alphabetical order; they are also found in these words-at, et, it, ot, ut; and to give them with purity, make as though you were going to pronounce the whole word, but leave off at the t. 2. This is a very important point in our subject; if you fail in understanding accent, you cannot succeed in emphasis.

you

Anecdote. Holding One's Own. A very
fat man was one day met by a person whom
he owed, and accosted with-"How do
do?" Mr. Adipose replied, "Pretty well;
I hold my own ;”—“and mine too, to my
sorrow," rejoined the creditor.

Hail, to thee, filial love, source of delight,
Of everlasting joy! Heaven's grace supreme
Shines in the duteous homage of a child!
Religion, manifested, stands aloft,
Superior to the storms of wayward fate.
When children-suffer in a parent's cause,
And glory-in the lovely sacrifice,
'Tis heavenly inspiration fills the breast-
And angels-waft their incense to the skies.

never says, what wisdom contradicts; for
they are always in harmony. 6. Save some-
thing against a day of trouble. 7. With
such as repent, and turn from their evils,
aud surrender their wills to the Lord's will,
all things they ever saw, knew, or EXPE-
RIENCED, shall be made, in some way or
other, to serve for good.

I do remember an apothecary,-
And hereabouts he dwells,-whom late I noted
In tatter'd weeds, with overwhelming brows,
Culling of simples; meagre were his looks,
And in his needy shop-a tortoise hung.
Sharp misery-had worn him to the bones:
An alligator stuff'd, and other skins
Of ill-shap'd fishes; and about his shelves
A beggarly account of empty boxes,
Green earthen pots, bladders, and musty seeds,
Remnants of packthread, and old cakes of roses,
Were thinly scatter'd, to make up a show.

197. Accent-is made, secondly, by | QUANTITY; or prolongation of sound, with expulsive force, on long accented vowels; which may be represented either by this enindicative of a graving continuous equal movement of the voice; or, by this one,

which shows the swell, continuous and diminish in combination; or, the unequal continuous. Exs. 1. The a-gent, with ar-dent aw-ful e-go-tism, i-dol-i-zed the o-di-ous 00-zy u-ni-form, which was fruit-ful in oi-li-ness, from the ou-ter-mosts. 2. The base-ment of the ar-mo-ry, awk-ward-ly e-qual to the i-rony of the o-li-o, was, to the moon-shine of the u-ni-verse, as an un-ob-tru-sive moi-e-ty of a poun-cet-box.

Proverbs. 1. Men of limited attainmentsgenerally condemn every thing they cannot comprehend. 2. Wit-should flow spontaneously; it cannot be produced by study. 3. Buoyancy of spirit-greatly diminishes the pressure of misfortune. 4. The surest method of being deceived is -to consider ourselves more cunning than others. 5. Envious persons-always view, with an evil eye, the prosperity of others. 6. It is a

proof of mediocrity of intellect—to be addicted to story-telling. 7. When we give way to passion, we do every thing amiss. 8. Truth-needs no disguise, nor does she want embellishment. 9. A mind diseased - cannot bear any thing harsh. 10. Never utter what is false, nor hesitate to speak what is true. 11. Trifles-often discover a character-more than actions of importance. 12. The Bible-is a perfect body of divinity. 198. Prolongation of Sound. Let the puBody and Mind. The science of hupil take a lesson of the ferryman. A travel-man nature-is valuable, as an introduction er arrives at the brink of a wide river, which he wishes to cross; one ferry-man is on the other side, and, by chance, one is on this side: the traveler halloos, in the common speaking voice, using principally the chest; of course his voice soon becomes dissipated. He is informed that his call cannot be heard: listen to me, says this son of nature; "O- -ver, O

ver,

ver:" making each accented vowel two seconds long: try it and see; extending your eye and mind at a distance; which will aid the prolongation.

to the science of the Divine nature; for
man-was made "in the image, and after
the likeness," of his Maker: a knowledge
of the former-facilitates that of the latter;
and to know, revere, and humbly adore, is
To obtain just and
the first duty of man.
impartial views of human nature, we must
not disconnect the object of our study, and
consider the mind, body, and actions, each
by itself, but the whole man together; which
may be contemplated under two different
aspects, of spirit and of matter; on the
body-shines the sun of nature, and on the
MIND that better light, which is the true
light: here, is a real man, having essence,
form, and use, which is clad in the habili-
ments of beauty, and majesty; meeting us
now, and which will meet us hereafter, as a
purely spiritual being, in every possible
stage of his future existence.

199. In exercising on accent, for a time at least, go to extremes, and make the accented vowels as prominent to the ear, as the following ones are to the eye; a-bAsement, im-pE-ri-ous, I-dol-ize, O-ver-throw, bea U-ti-ful, OIl-mill, OU-ter-most. Ex. 1. The lu-na-tic a-bode at the ca-the-dral, Varieties. 1. Can we be a friend, and till the an-nun-ci-a-tion, that the an-te-di- an enemy-at the same time? 2. Every one lu-vi-ans-had con-vey'd the hy-dro-pho-bia should be considered innocent, till he is to Di-a-na of the E-phe-sians. 2. The pa- proved guilty. 3. It is not sufficient that you tri-ots and ma-trons of the rev-o-lu-tion, by are heard, you must be heard with pleasure. their har-mo-ni-ous co-op-e-ra-tion, de- 4. There is a great difference between poetry thron'd the ty-rants that were ru-ling our and rhymetry; the former grows, the latter -is made. 5. If your money is your God, peo-ple with an un-ho-ly rod of i-ron. "Sir, I in- it will plague you like the Devil. 6. Order Anecdote. Raising Rent. tend to raise your rent," said a land-holder-is one, in revelation, man, creation, and -to one of his tenants: to which he replied, the universe; each-respects the other, and "I am very much obliged to you, for I is a resemblance of it. cannot raise it myself."

Notes. 1. As vowels are either long or short, different degrees of length do not affect any one of the long ones, so far as the quality of the sound is concerned; the e in de-vire, and the o, in do-main-are the same as to length, (not force,) as they are in de-cent, do-tard; thus we have long ac-cented vowels, and long un-accented ones. 2. We make accent by quantity, when the accented vowels are long, and by stress when they are short. 3. The short vowels are of the same length, but not so the long ones. "Blessed is the man,

Who hears the voice of nature; who, retired
From bustling life, can feel the gladdening bear,
The hope, that breathes of Paradise. Thy deeds,
Sweet Peace, are music-to the exulting mind;
Thy prayer, like incense-wafted on the gale
Of morning, spreads ambrosia, as the cloud
Of spicy sweets-perfumes the whispering breeze,
That scents Arabia's wild."

Man-is dear to man; the poorest poor
Long for some moments, in a weary life,
When they can know, and feel, that they have been
Themselves-the fathers, and the dealers out
Of some small blessings-have been kind to such
As needed kindness ;-for this single cause,
That we have all of us-a human heart.

Such pleasure-is to one kind being known,
My neighbor, when, with punctual care, each week,
Duly as Friday comes, though press'd herself
By her own wants, she, from her store of meal,
Takes one unsparing handful for the scrip
Of this old mendicant; and, from her door,
Returning with exhilarated heart,

Sits by her fire, and builds her hopes in heaven.

Anecdote. When Lieutenant O Brien was blown up, in the Edgar, and thrown on board the Admiral, all black and wet, he said to the commander, with pleasantry, "I hope sir, you will excuse my dirty appearance; for I left the ship in so great a hurry, that I had not time to change my

dress."

200. Accent. The intentions of the mind--are manifested by the accent of the voice, as are those of a tailor, when he makes a gentleman's coat; or of a mantuamaker, when she makes a lady's gown; there is a meaning, an end, in all. The three great categories of knowledge are end, cause and effect; reflection and experience will convince those who would be wise, that the end or purpose, is the first thing, the cause or medium, the second, and the effect, or ultimation of the co-operation of end and cause, the third thing. Now the feeling, or affection, is the first thing; the thought-is the second thing: and the action-the third thing: the affection and the vowel sound are connected, the thought and the consonant, and all become manifest, when the word is properly made, by the application of accent, and enuncia-are apt to think themselves wise enough; as tion.

201. Now, as the affectuous part of the mind operates, especially, on those lower nerves and muscles, that are combined to produce the vowel sounds, and the intellectual part of the mind co-operates with the lungs, to form the consonant sounds, and the two unite to make the word, by the use of the accent, through the agency of which, feelings and thoughts are conveyed,-it will be perceived, that whenever there is a change of the seat of accent, there may be a corresponding change of the meaning of the word: or rather, a change of feeting produces a change of thought, and the two produce a corresponding change in the seat of accent: as-august, au-gust; prod-uce, prod-uce; gal lant, gal-lant.

202. Change of the seat of accent according to sense. They bom-bard the town, with bom-bards, and ce-ment their cannon with cem-ent, and call upon their col-leagues to col-league together, col-lect their soldiers, and offer up their collects. He com-ments upon their com-ments, while they com-merce about the com-merce, and com-mon-place their common-place business. The com-pact was entered into in a com-pact manner, while the soldiers com-plot together in a com-plot, and com-port themselves with a becoming comport. The farmer com-posts his fields with excellent com-post, and out of the com-pound he com-pounds a fruitful soil; which, when com-press'd, makes a very fine com-press for the grain.

My birthday! what a different sound
That word had-in my youthful ears!
And how, each time-the day came round,
Less, and less white-its mark appears!
When first-our scanty years are told,
It seems like pastime-to grow old.
And as youth-counts the shining links,
That time-around him binds so fast,
Pleased with the task, he little thinks,
How hard that chain will press-at last.

Proverbs. 1. Every thing great-is composed of minute particles. 2. Nothing-bears a stronger resemblance to a mad-man than a drunkard. 3. Pleasure, purchased by pain, is always injurious. 4. The act is to be judged of, by the intention of the person, who does it. 5. Theory, without practice, however plausible, seldom tends to a successful issue. 6. Reflect well, before you say yes, or no. 7. Be cautious—in giving advice, and consider-before you follow it. 8. A man, fond of disputing, will, in time, have few friends to dispute with. 9. Young people

10.

drunkards-think themselves sober enough. Injustice-cannot exist without agents. 11. No great loss, but some small gain. 12. No smoke, without some fire.

Reading Discourses. As the reading of written discourses is so common, it is very desirable, that the speaker should unite the advantages of written, or printed composi tion, with extemporaneous speaking; which can be done by mastering the principles of this system; then, though the essay be a month, or a year old, the orator may give it all the appearance and freshness of oral dis

course.

Many public men have injured their health by slavishly reading their discourses, instead of speaking them; there being such an inseparable connection between thinking and breathing, that the effort to read, especially from a manuscript, tends to the use of the thorax, or lungs. If we were taught to read by ear, instead of by sight, there would be no difficulty in this exercise: there must be a revolution-in regard to teaching and learning this important art, or sad will continue to be the consequences.

Varieties. 1. Were the Texians right, in rebelling against Mexico? 2. If woman taught the philosophy of love, who would not learn? 3. Do not yield to misfortunes; but resist them, with unceasing firmness. 4. Procrastination-is the thief of time. 5. No one is qualified to command, who has not learned to obey. 6. A laugh-costs too much, if purchased at the expense of propriety. 7. Words, fitly spoken from a life of love, are exceedingly sweet, and profitable

to all.

Beware, ye slaves of vice and infamy,
Beware choose not religion's sacred name,
To sanctify your crimes-your falsehood shield.
Profane not your Creator's boundless power,
Or lest his vengeance-fall upon, and crush ye.
It is an awful height-of human pride,
When we dare-robe ourselves in sanctity,
While all is dark impiety within!
This, surely, is the aggregate of sin,
The last to be forgiven-by heaven, or man.