dollars. The toll does not exceed 13,000 dollars. The Keowee river has been made navigable for boats carrying 10,000 pounds, more than twenty miles from its mouth. The expence amounted to 700 dollars.

Water-carriage.-In 1811, the price of transportation by land, from Augusta to Charleston, 145 miles, was 1 dollar per cwt.; by water, a distance of 300 miles, it was but 60 cents. From Augusta to Savannah, the advantage of the latter over the former was nearly as eight to one. The internal navigation has been lately improved by the use of steam-boats.

Bridges.-There are but few of a solid construction. One across the Congaree at Columbia, another across the Savannah at Augusta, and a third across Ashley river, one mile above the city of Charleston, have been all carried away by the swelling of the waters. The last, finished in 1811, was destroyed by the equinoctial gales of 1816. It was 2100 feet in length, 33 feet in breadth, with a drawbridge of thirty feet. The wooden piles which supported it were covered with lead to protect them against the worms. At each extremity of the bridge a causeway extended 1500 feet in length. A good bridge has been lately built across the Savannah at Augusta.

Banks.-The first bank was established in 1792, and was a branch of the national bank, under the name of "the Office of Discount and Deposit." 2. The South Carolina Bank, established the same year. 3. The State Bank, established in 1801. 300,000 dollars were subscribed by the state, and paid

in six per cent. stock, and the dividend exceeding the interest of funded stock from two to four per cent. per annum, the shares in the several banks were taken up, and sold at an advanced price.

Roads. The roads are opened and kept in repair by commissioners appointed for this purpose, but are yet in a very bad condition. That across the Apalachian mountains, from the north fork of Saluda river to Knoxville, in the state of Tennessee, is now passable for waggons with a load of 2500 lbs. weight.

Inventions claimed by Citizens of this State. Lucas's machine for separating the grain of rice from the husk, worked by the tide, cleans twenty barrels a-day. De Neale's ma chine for thrashing the grain from the straw. Middleton's machine for thrashing wheat, worked by horses, is now employed with ad vantage, both for this grain and rye. Another machine, invented by the same person, is now employed for cutting wheat.

Books and Documents relating to the History and Geography of this State.

1666. Brief Description of Carolina, 4to, London.

1682. Present State of Carolina. London, in 4to, by R. F. 1687. Description de la Virginie, et du Marylan, par un Français exilé pour la Religion. 8vo. La Haye.

1706. Proceedings of the Proprietors of South Carolina. Fol. London.

1707. Archdale's (John) Account of South Carolina. London. This author was governor in 1695.

1709. Lawson's (John) History of Carolina, or New Voyage to Carolina, in 4to, containing an exact description of the country, its natural history, &c. This work was translated into German, with additions, in 1722, by Vischer, in 8vo, Hamburgb.

1710. Account of South Carolina, with the Charges of settling

a Plantation, &c. By a Swiss Gentleman to his Friends at Berne, in 8vo, London.

1732.

Account of Carolina and Georgia, 8vo, London.

1738. Lining's (Dr John) Meteorological Observations, (the first ever published concerning the weather of Charleston,) communicated to the Royal Society.

1740. Mitchell's Present State of Carolina. London, 1740, in Svo.

1745. Brickwell's (John) Natural History of Carolina, with an Account of the Trade, Manners, and Customs, of the Christian and Indian Inhabitants. Dublin, in 8vo.

1753. An Accurate History of the Yellow-fever of this Coun try, the first given to the Public from the American Continent. Cox's Description of Carolina, in 8vo.

1758. Burke's European Settlements in America. 2 vols.

in 8vo.

1761. Description of South Carolina, containing many useful and interesting Particulars relating to the Civil, Natural, and Commercial History of that Colony. In 8vo, 2s. Dodsley, London.

1770. Milligan's (Dr) Short Description of South Carolina. Drayton, (William Henry) who died in 1779, in the thirty seventh year of his age, was the author of the well known pamphlet under the signature of Freeman, addressed to the American Congress in 1774. He has left a manuscript History of the American Revolution to the close of the year 1778, in 3 folio volumes.

1775. American Husbandry, 2 vols. 8vo, London.

1776. Chalmers's (Dr Lionel) Account of the Weather and Diseases of South Carolina. His observations include a period of ten successive years, from 1750 to 1760.

1779. Historical Account of South Carolina and Georgia, 2 vols. 8vo, London.

1779. Hewitt's (Rev. M.) History of South Carolina, 2 vols. in

8vo.

1780. Chalmers's Political Annals of the present United Colonies, in 4to.

1785. Ramsay's (David) History of the Revolution of South Carolina, 1 vol. in Svo, Trenton.

1788. Walter's Flora Caroliniana, London.

1791. Bartram's Travels through this State, in 1766, 1 vol. in 8vo, Philadelphia.

Trott's Laws of Scotch Carolina.

Adair's History of the American Indians.

Oldmixon's British Empire.

1796. Ramsay's (David, M. D.) Sketch of the Soil, Climate, Weather, and Diseases of South Carolina. Charleston, 8vo, pp. 30. 1801. Michaux's Histoire des chenes de l'Amerique. Paris.

1802. Drayton's (John) View of South Carolina, as respects her Natural and Civil Concerns. 1 vol. 8vo, pp. 252, Charleston, with a map of the state.

1809. Ramsay's History of South Carolina, from 1670 to 1806, with a Map. Pp. 1080, 2 vols. 8vo, Charleston.

Hewat's (Dr) Historical Account of the Rise and Progress of the Colonies of South Carolina and Georgia,

Maps.

In 1816 the legislature appropriated 15,000 dollars for a new survey and map of the state.

CHAPTER XXV.

GEORGIA.

SITUATION AND BOUNDARIES.-This state is situated between 30° 42′ and 35° north latitude, and between 4° and 9° of west longitude, from Washington. It is bounded on the north by Tennessee, south by Florida, east by South Carolina and the Atlantic Ocean, and west by the Alibama territory. Its length, from north to south, is 290 miles; its greatest breadth about 250. Area about 62,000 square miles.

Aspect of the Country, and Nature of the Soil.From the sea-coast to the distance of more than a hundred miles, the country is a level plain, the soil a sandy loam, and covered with pine, except in the morasses and places occasionally inundated by the overflowing of the rivers, where it is rich, and favourable to the growth of most agricultural productions, particularly rice. Beyond this plain the surface rises into pleasant waving hills, which stretch backwards till they unite with the chain of Apalachian mountains. Cunawhee mountain, in Franklin county, about sixty miles from

* In honour of George II. it received this name in 1732. Before this period it was included in the country called Florida by he French and Spaniards, and by the English Virginia,