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yallies, where it rises to the height of eighty feet; hic kery, in moist low places.

Animals. The cougouar, bear, and wolf, have nearly disappeared. Deer have become rare. In 1680 they were in such plenty, that seven or eight fat bucks were brought in daily, by the Indians, to some of the settlers of West Jersey, at eighteenpence the quarter, (Smith, p. 112, 177.) The racoon (Ursus lotor) is very common in low places; the red and grey fox abound; otter and beaver are rare. Wild fowl are ducks, geese, pigeons, pheasants, partridges, plover, and a great variety of smaller birds. Snakes were so numerous at the time of the arrival of the West Jersey commissioners, in 1677, that they were frequently seen on the hovels of the Quaker settlers whom they brought thither. There are rattle-snakes, black snakes, wampums, and other species.

Fishes.-Along the coast, in the rivers, and streams, are various kinds of fish. The most noted are sturgeon, stockfish, sheepshead, horse-mackerel, blackfish, sea-bass, herring, munches, perch, sun-fish, drum, shad, shell-fish, black-turtle, clams, mussel-crabs, oysters. It was one of the earliest eulogiums of this state, that at Amboy Point there was plenty of brave oysters, (Smith, p. 184.) The inhabitants of the seacoast derive a great portion of their subsistence from the fisheries.

Table of the Progress of Population.

In 1738 it amounted to 47 367,

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3,981 including blacks. 4,606

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New Jersey is the twelfth state in the Union, in respect of population.

Diseases.-The temperature on the sea-coast, subject to rapid changes, is unfavourable to health. On the borders of the Delaware, bilious and intermitting fevers prevail in autumn; but in the hilly parts, diseases are rare, and many persons arrive at the age of eighty. The yellow fever prevailed in the autumn of 1798, in the village of Port Elizabeth, supposed to have been generated by stagnant waters in the neighbourhood. Of ninety-seven inhabitants, thirteen persons were attacked by the disease, and six died.

Manners and Character.-The population being composed of Hollanders, Germans, Scotch, Irish, and emigrants from the New England states, or their descendants, has no uniform character. * The neces

* By the first law published in 1692 at Elizabethtown, the punishment of death was inflicted for undutifulness on the part of children towards their parents, smiting or cursing them, unless provoked by motives of self-preservation, and the complaint and proof

saries of life are in great abundance; and even the lowest class of labourers are well clothed and fed, and, like the rich, have their tea and coffee daily.

The inhabitants of this state sacrificed every personal consideration to the cause of independence, and were the first to appoint delegates to the memorable congress of 1774. Their vote in favour of the ratification of the federal constitution was not only unanimous, but was passed anterior to that of all the other states except Delaware and Pennsylvania, being passed on the 19th of December 1787.

of the father or mother was taken as sufficient evidence. In burglary, or highway robbery, the third offence was also punished with death; the first by burning on the hand; the second on the forehead; in both the party was to make restitution. In the case of stealing, treble restitution was required for the first, second, and third offences, with an increase of punishment even to death, if the party appeared incorrigible. Parties unable to make restitution were sold to satisfy the claim, or received corporal punishment. For adultery the party was divorced, corporally punished, or banished, as the court thought proper. Fornication was punished at the discretion of the court, by marriage, fine, or corporal punishment. Night walking and revelling after the hour of nine rendered the person liable to arrest by the constable, or other officer; and if he did not give a satisfactory account to the magistrate, he was bound over to the next court. No son or daughter could marry without the consent of the parents, nor maid or servant without that of the overseer, and after public notice three times given in a kirk or meeting. In 1685 quarrels and challenges were numerous, in consequence of which a law was passed, making the person giving a challenge liable to six months imprisonment without bail or mainprize, and subjecting to a fine of L. 10 all who accepted or concealed it; and half this sum was the fine for wearing a short pistol, dagger, or other unusual weapon.-Smith, p. 263 and 195.

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History. This province was included in the patent granted by King James, in 1606, to Sir Thomas Gates and others, embracing all the lands situated between the 34th and 49th degree of north latitude, with all the islands lying within 100 miles of the coast. The first settlements were made by Dutch emigrants from the Delaware, when this country formed a part of the New Netherlands; and Bergen, called after the capital of Norway, shows that some Danes were also settled there. The tract of land on which Elizabethtown now stands was purchased from certain Indian chiefs in 1669; and four towns began to be formed, Elizabeth, Newark, Middleton, and Shrewsbury, by settlers from New England, and the west end of Long Island, and by emigrants from Europe. The neighbouring Indians were formidable, not by their numbers, but by their alliances. In the In the year 1664 Charles II. gave the territory as a donation to his brother the Duke of York, by whom it was afterwards sold to Lord Berkely and Sir George Carteret, who changed the name of New Albion, under which it was conveyed, into that of Nova Cesaria, or New Jersey; and by a line drawn from north-west to southeast, divided the country into East and West Jersey. The eastern division was retained by Carteret; the western, which belonged to Lord Berkely, was sold by him (1676) to William Penn, (a leading man among the English Quakers,) and other persons. Some years afterwards Sir George Carteret dying, his portion was sold to an association of Scotch people, Anabaptists and Quakers, among whom was the cele

brated Barclay. In 1680 the colony of New Jersey separated from that of New York, and chose an annual assembly for its government. In 1681 the commissioners published their regulations for settling lands. In 1682 a large ship of 550 tons arrived with 360 passengers. It appears that little progress had been made at this time in agriculture, for the inhabitants were distressed for food. (Smith, p. 131.) In 1683 Robert Barclay, author of the Apology, was appointed governor for life by the twelve proprietors. The province, by the mutual agreement of the proprietors, was ceded to the crown in 1702, and afterwards re-united to New York, from which it was again separated in 1736, and a particular form of government established which continued till the revolution. Though more favourably situated, in some respects, than New York, its progress was much less rapid. Before the peace of Utrecht, (1718,) the whole population did not exceed 16,000, of whom 3000 were capable of bearing arms.

The battles of Trenton and Princeton, which were fought in 1776 and 1777, chiefly by the Jersey militia, arrested the progress of British arms, and prepared the way for American independence.

Civil or Administrative Division of the State of Jersey, with the Population of each County and Town, in 1810, the year of the late enumeration.

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