ern side, where its width is 1400 yards, is navigable for schooners and sloops to the distance of fifty miles. Broad, Coosaw, and Port Royal, which are rather bays, or arms of the sea, than rivers, have deep water, and are capable of containing a considerable navy. The bar, or entrance, of the first is nearly a mile in breadth, and carries twenty three feet at low water. Charleston harbour is excellent; there is a sand bar at its entrance, on which, at low tide, there is but ten or twelve feet water. The depth of sea water, to the distance of several miles from the coast, is from two to five fathoms. The tide in the Santee and Savannah rivers flows to the distance of fifteen miles, and in those where the stream is less impetuous, it ascends more than double this distance, in a direct line from the ocean. The neap-tides rise to the height of six or eight feet; the spring-tides from eight to ten.

Inundations.-In the year 1701, and in January 1796, the sudden melting of the ice and snows of the Apalachian mountains, accompanied with heavy rain, swelled the Santee river to more than thirty feet above its usual level. The waters of almost all the rivers of the upper country uniting at the confluence of the Wateree and Congaree, forced their passage across the low country, destroyed bridges, houses, cattle, and provisions, to a considerable amount, and overflowed the rice plantations near the ocean, during a week, till it escaped by the different bays which communicate with the eastern branch of Cooper river.

Islands.-Along the sea coasts are numerous islands, some of which rise towards the sea, in conical sand

hills, from sixteen to twenty feet high, while, towards the mainland, they are level and marshy. Some of them are of large dimensions, and the soil extremely fertile, producing white, red, and live oak, pine, gum, hickery, elm, laurel, bay, dogwood, sassafras, with jesmines, and other beautiful shrubs. Others, less fertile, produce the pine, bay-tree, live oak, cedar, palmetto cabbage, palmetto royal, silk grass, myrtle, wild olive, cassena, the toothach-tree, prickly pear, &c. Bull's, Davies's, and Sullivan's Islands, form the north part of the harbour. Edisto island, situated about forty miles south-west of Charleston, is twelve miles long, and from one to five miles in breadth, containing 28,811 acres, three-fourths of which are cleared. Port Royal island. Pinkney island, nine miles in circumference, is situated in latitude 32° 12'.

Minerals.-Iron ore, of an excellent quality, abounds in the upper country, particularly in the districts of Pendleton, Greenville, York, and Spartanburgh. The average produce is one-fourth of its weight of metal. Magnetic iron ore, called Magnet Stones, are found in the upper parts of Newberry district, near the Enoree river. Copper ore.-Rich specimens have been discovered near the iron works in York district. Lead ore, found in the Cherokee mountains, not far beyond the boundary line, produces two-thirds of its weight of good metal. This ore is also said to exist in the Catawba lands, and in the district of Pendleton. Gold.A small bit of it is said to have been found on Paris mountain, in Greenville district. Quartz, or millstone rock, is found in different parts. Slate, near the

head waters of Lynch's creek. Grey-stone, or freestone, on the Catawba river, near the confluence of Beaver creek, and near Reowee river. Limestone is found in King's mountains, in York district; also at the Eutaws, near Orangeburgh, and Ricketty creek. Soapstone, in York district, and other parts. Ochres, red and yellow, in the iron ore bed in York district.

Mineral Springs.-Pacolet spring, in the upper country, on the eastern side of Pacolet river, is supposed to hold sulphur and iron in solution. These waters have never yet been analyzed. They are found useful in the cure of rheumatic, cutaneous, and other complaints. 2. Two other similar springs are situated, the one in the Catawba lands, near the road leading from Landsford to Hill and Haynen iron works; the other on the banks of the Waxaw creek. 3. Another mineral sulphureous spring issues from the eastern side of Paris mountain. It is resorted to for the cure of rheumatism, ring-worms, and cutaneous disorders. 4. Of the same description is the spring which issues from a whitish clay, or chalky hill, near Rice creek, in Richland district; and also another be tween the forks of Lynch creek. Both are resorted to in autumn, by persons afflicted with the above diseases, who find relief from drinking and bathing in their waters. 5. In Barnwell district, near the foot of an elevated ridge, and along the edge of the Little Saltcatcha swamp, there are several springs, not yet analyzed, which are celebrated for the cure of "sores, lameness, and pains in the body." The inhabitants of Springton use their waters for domestic purposes. 6. The

Eutaw springs, from which issues the creek of the same name, have a purgative effect for some time on those who are not in the habit of drinking them, owing, probably, to their subterraneous passage of 100 paces through porous limestone, and masses of oyster shells. These waters were of great use to the soldiers wounded in the engagement which took place there in the year 1781, between the English and American armies.

Forest Trees.-In Orangeburgh district, on the north-east side of North Edisto river, seventy-nine miles from Charleston, a great proportion of the wood is pine. In the vicinity of waters are the magnolia, beech, willow, ash, elm, oak, birch, walnut, hickery. In swamps, the cypress, sweet bay, maple, tupelo, and cypresses of immense size. In St Stephen's district, fifty miles to the north-west of Charleston, the number of pine trees to the acre is from 100 to 150; they live about 200 years. In Pendleton district, the rich clayey soil, mixed with a black mould of the highlands, produces oak, hickery, and pine. The low grounds, with a black mould, and small portion of clay, or of mould and grey sand, produce walnut, poplar, elm, white oak, ash, beech, birch, elder, chestnut. In the same district, near the south-western extremity of the state, snake-root and pink-root abound. The latter, of which from twenty to thirty pounds may be gathered in a day by one person, is exported. Gentian root and ginseng are also common. The plant called Earthgall is employed to cure persons bitten by serpents, or other venomous creatures. One or two table-spoon

!

fuls of the expressed juice of the root taken with milk, excites vomiting and profuse perspiration.

Catalogue of Indigenous Trees and Shrubs, with their Latin names and places of growth.*

Acacia false, or locust tree with white flowers, Robinia pseudo acacia, in the upper country, near rivers.

Esculus, white flowered, Esculus parviflora, on high land near Keowee river and the adjacent mountains.

Alder, Betula alnus, near rivers and in vallies.

Carolina Allspice, or sweet-scented shrub, Calycanthus floridus, on the borders of low lands.

Andromeda, Andromeda, generally on sour spungy soil though some are seen on high lands.

Apple tree, crab, Pyrus coronaria, on high lands in the low country.

Ash, Fraxinus, in swamp lands.

Ash, prickly, Xanthoxylum fraxinifolium, on high lands.

Aspen tree, Populus tremula, on and near the Occonee mountains. Bay-tree, red, Laurus Borbonia, in the low country.

Bay-tree, loblolly, Gordonia lasyanthus, in the low country in swamps.

Bay-tree, small sweet, Magnolia glauca, in the low country in wet soil.

Fraser's auriculated bay-tree, Magnolia Fraseri, in the upper parts near the mountains.

Beech tree, Fagus sylvatica, in mellow land and rich swamps, some trunks are from three to four feet in diameter.

Buttonwood, Cephalanthus occidentalis.

We gave a catalogue of the forest trees in Massachusetts, Vermont, and New Hampshire, but thought it unnecessary to repeat this for the other northern states, where the vegetable productions were not materially different. We now give a catalogue of the forest trees of this state, which will convey an idea of the vegetable productions of the southern states generally.