tual way to counteract the projects of an enemy, is to follow his example in those judicious regulations which have led to his success. The industry of Bonaparte may be copied by those who detest the ultimate object of his labours. In his bestowment of honours upon merit, and in his inspection into the abuses of administration, he may be resembled, not only without disgrace, but even with honour; while that boundless thirst of power, which prevented the repose of Europe, and produced his final overthrow, receives all the reprobation which it merits. His temperance and energy, his steady vigilance, and his unwearied assiduity, may be praised and imitated, while he is justly condemned for his spoliation of peaceful states, his breach of the most solemn engagements, and the abject prostration to which he subjected his coun At this moment, the French emperor was at the zenith of his power, and in the enjoyment of the utmost vigour of his faculties. Nothing seemed too vast for his comprehension, or too minute for his observation. His exertions were without a parallel among sovereign princes; he inspected every thing with his own eye; he laboured with more industry than any secretary in office ; and his principal relax ation was in the variety of his business. He appointed to stations of distinction those only, who, by experience or talents, were qualified to discharge the duties of them, and he superintended the discharge of those duties with a vigilance which would not permit the approach of delinquency or inattention. No formidable adversary to any nation or individual ever yet existed from whom something valuable might not be learned; and the most effec- | try's rights. CHAPTER II. FOREIGN HISTORY: Continental Campaigns of 1806-7-Opening of the Campaign between France and Prussia-Disastrous to the Latter-Battle of Jena-Death of the Duke of Brunswick-Memoir-Fall of the Prussian Garrisons-Surrender of the Army under Prince Hohenlohe-Triumphal Entry of the Emperor Napoleon into Berlin-Berlin Decree-Arrival of the Russian Divisions on the VistulaBattles of Pultusk and Golymin-The contending Armies take up their Winter-quarters in PolandWar in Silesia-War in Pomerania-Neutrality of Austria-Renewal of Hostilities in Poland-Battle of Eylau-Fall of Dantzic-War between the Porte and Russia-Situation of the Russian and French Forces previous to the Battle of Friedland-The Battle of Friedland-Armistice-Interview between the Emperor Alexander and the Emperor Napoleon on the River Niemen-Peace of Tilsit. detained in the ports of Great Britain were speedily liberated, and Lord Morpeth was despatched to the court of Berlin, with proposals to afford her every assistance and co-operation in the fourth coalition that was at this time forming against France. THE discussions between France and | Prussia had now advanced to a point which left no prospect of friendly arrangement. The court of Berlin, no longer influenced by a temporizing policy, had assumed a tone of firmness and decision; the troops were animated to a high degree of enthu- The preparations of Prussia were met siasm, by the expectation of hostilities, with equal vigour on the part of the Emwhich they conceived the honour of the na-peror of France, who was never behind his tion had long ago required; and the zeal of the people coincided with the sentiments of the army. The disposition manifested by the court, was equally approved by foreign powers, as by the subjects of Prussia. The King of Sweden was eager to cherish the prospect which seemed thus to be afforded, of checking the power and aggrandizement of France; the Prussian vessels enemies in vigilance and activity. On the 24th of September, Napoleon quitted his capital to join the armies, infusing energy as he passed into the various parts of the service, and settling arrangements, adapted to all the details of that complicated and formidable machine, the operations of which he was about to direct. In the mean time, discussions were still conti nued, and even so late as the 5th of October, when both monarchs were at the headquarters of their respective troops, a despatch was delivered from the Prussian out1,000,000 | post to the French army, which still afford ed an opening for amicable adjustment.* ent parts of the habitable globe, was made to Bonaparte by the Jewish sanhedrim, assembled at Paris, in 1807. In the Turkish Empire, In Persia, China, and India, on the east In the west of Europe, Africa, and 300,000 1,700,000 By this despatch, it was required of France, that, as a preliminary to negotiation, the whole Constituting an aggregate population of 3,000,000 | of the French troops in Germany should immedi Within a few days afterwards, however, a declaration, stating the grounds of the war, was published by the Prussian cabinet. Both parties now conceived themselves ready for the conflict; and so confident was Prussia in her own strength, that on the 29th of September, just before the commencement of hostilities, she appears to have declined the offer of reinforcements made by other powers. were driven to the painful alternative of surrendering themselves prisoners of war. In this engagement, Prince Louis of Prussia, brother of Frederick-William, was killed by Marshal De Louis, of the 10th regiment of the French hussars, with whom he was engaged in personal combat. The merits of this young prince rendered his death a great public calamity, and aggravated the other losses of this unfortunate battle, from which the French derived two thousand prisoners, and thirty pieces of cannon, while six hundred of the Prussian troops were left dead upon the field. This inauspicious opening of the campaign, excited no slight sensation at the head-quarters of the Prussian army, the main body of which found itself placed on the 12th in a situation of considerable danger. The French army had advanced in three divisions; the right, consisting of the corps of Marshals Ney and Soult, with a division of Bavarian troops, proceeded by the route of Amberg and Nuremburg, to unite at Bayreuth, in Franconia, in their advance upon Hof, on the southern confines of Saxony: the centre, composed of the reserve, under the Grand-duke of Berg, with the corps of the Prince de Ponte Corvo (Berna- The object of Bonaparte had been to dotte) and Marshal Davoust, and the impe- repeat the operation of the preceding camrial guards, marched by Bamberg, towards paign, and to interpose himself between Culmbach, in Franconia, and by way of the army of the enemy and their depóts Saalbergh to Gerra, in Saxony: the left, and resources. The main body of the consisting of the troops of Marshals Lannes Prussian army occupied Eysenach, Gotha, and Augereau, took their route for Schwein- Erfurt, and Weimar; and it was the infurth, towards Coburg, and advanced to tention of the Duke of Brunswick, to Saalfeld, in Saxony. The veteran Prus- whom, now seventy-two years old, the sian army, having its right under General chief command was confided, to commence Blucher, its centre under the Duke of hostilities by bearing down with his right Brunswick, and its left commanded by wing upon Frankfurt, with his centre on Prince Hohenlohe, had taken a very strong Wurtzburg, and his left wing on Bamberg. position along the north of Frankfort, on The arrangements for the execution of this the Mayne. The campaign opened on plan had been prepared with great minutethe 9th of October, with the battle of ness, and several columns had been pushed Schleitz, seven miles to the north-west of on to Cassel and other places, to act upon Fulda. Here, three Prussian regiments the offensive; but the French army had sustained, with great firmness, one of the by this time unexpectedly turned the exmost spirited charges of the enemy's ca- tremity of the Prussian right wing, and valry; but the efforts of the French were obtained possession of the eastern bank finally successful, and the Prussians were of the Saal, occupying, within a very short obliged to retreat, with a loss of seven period, Saalberg, Schleitz, and Gerra. hundred men, killed, wounded, and prison- Alarmed by these movements, the arrangeers; and five hundred wagons, contain-ments of the Prussian army were immediing military stores, fell into the hands of the victors. On the 10th, the left wing of the French army, under Marshal Lannes, was equally successful at Saalfeld. After a tremendous cannonade, continued without intermission for more than two hours, the Prussian cavalry were cut off by the French hussars, and their infantry, being unable to effect an orderly retreat, were some of them obliged to take shelter in the adjoining woods, while others were involved inextricably in a marshy ground, where they ately recross the Rhine; that no obstacles should be raised by France to the formation of a northern league, including all the states not mentioned in the fundamental act of the confederation of the Rhine; and that the basis of the negotiation should be the separation of Wessel from the French empire, and the re-occupation of the three abbeys by the Prussian troops. ately changed. The detachments which the In rived at Jena, and from an elevated flat near the place, reconnoitred the position of the enemy. The importance of this elevation for the play of the artillery was so great, that, notwithstanding the extreme difficulty, and indeed seeming impossibility of its accomplishment, the herculean labour was at length surmounted, and before morning the artillery was actually planted upon the eminence. Notwithstanding the practical errors of the King of Prussia in this campaign, his address to his army was in good taste and appropriate; and concluded with a passage, which, though its accomplishment was long delayed, proved at last prophetic: "We go," said Frederick William, "to encounter an enemy who has vanquished numerous armies, humiliated monarchs, destroyed constitutions, and deprived more than one state of its independence, and even of its very name. He has threatened a similar fate to Prussia, and proposes to reduce us to the dominion of a strange people, who would suppress the very name of Germans. The fate of armies, and of nations, is in the hands of the Almighty; but constant victory, and durable prosperity, are never granted, save to the cause of justice." had been detached by the Prussians from their left wing, to cover the defiles of Naumberg, and to possess themselves of the passage of Coesen, in which they were anticipated by Marshal Davoust. The other two armies, one of which amounted to eighty thousand men, placed themselves in front of the French army, which now opened out from the level height of Jena. At this crisis, the mist which had hung over the combatants began to dissipate, and both armies beheld each other within the range of cannon shot. After the first action of the morning, by which the Prussians had been forced to quit their position, the village of Hollstedt became the point of attack, and the Prussians were in full motion to dislodge the French from this station, when Marshal Lannes was ordered to its support. Marshal Soult attacked a wood on the right. The right wing of the Prussians made a movement against the left of the French, which Marshal Augereau was ordered to oppose, and in less than an hour the action became general. Every maneuvre on both sides was performed with as much precision as if it had been executed upon the parade; while two hundred and fifty thousand men, and seven hundred pieces of artillery, scattered death in every direction, and exhibited one of the most affecting scenes ever displayed on the theatre of the world. After a strug The night of the 13th was sublimely interesting. The sentinels were almost close to each other; and the lights of the two armies were within half a cannon shot; in one case, illuminating the atmo-gle of nearly two hours, Marshal Soult sphere through an extent of front of six hours march, and, in the other, concentrated to a comparatively small point. On both sides, all was watchfulness and motion. The divisions of Ney and Soult were occupied the whole night in marching, and at break of day all the French troops were under arms. Suchet's division formed the right; the imperial guards occupied the summit of a height; and each of these corps had their artillery in the small spaces between them. The morning was obscured by a fog, which continued to prevail for two hours, during which Bonaparte rode along the line, cautioning his officers to exhibit order and compactness against the Prussian cavalry, and reminding them of the similarity of the situation of the Prussian army to that of the Austrians in the preceding year at Ulm, when they were driven from their magazines, and compelled to surrender. secured possession of the wood, from which he immediately moved forward, while, at the same instant, the division of the French cavalry in reserve, and two other divisions just arrived on the field of battle from the corps of Marshal Ney, were, by order of Bonaparte, brought into action, and so much strengthened the French line, as to throw the Prussians into great disorder. By a striking effort of skill and bravery, this disorder was speedily retrieved, and the battle was resumed, and continued for almost an hour. At this crisis, "there was room for a moment's doubt;" the fate of the day hung in awful suspense; but the reserve, under the Duke of Berg, precipitated themselves into the midst of the fight, and threw the Prussian troops into extreme confusion.* In vain *FRENCH BULLETIN. This document mentions a trait of character that should not be wholly The light troops began the action, by imperial foot guards," says the Bulletin, "enomitted in a record of the battle of Jena. "The dislodging the Prussians from an apparent- raged at not being allowed to press on while ly inaccessible position on the highway every other corps was in motion, several voices between Jena and Weimar: and the suc- among them cried out Forward: What is this cess of this operation enabled the French I hear?' said the emperor: this can proceed troops to stretch out without restraint on the plain, where they now formed in order of battle. An army of fifty thousand men' only from some beardless boy that will give orders independent of me: let him wait till he has commanded in thirty battles, before he takes upon himself to advise me.'" did the cavalry and infantry form them- The French acknowledged a loss on their selves into a square, the shock was irresist- part of from four to five thousand men; ible, and this most dreadful charge com- the victory, however, was complete, and pleted their overthrow. On the right, the battle of Jena decided the fate of the Marshal Davoust not only maintained his campaign. ground against the great body of Prussians sent to possess the defiles of Coesen, but, advancing into the plain, pursued them for three hours in their retreat to Weimar. In this retreat, the confusion of the Prussian army was extreme, and the king, finding it necessary to quit the road, was obliged to retire across the field at the head of his regiment of cavalry. The loss of the Prussians in this battle is estimated by the French at twenty thousand killed, and from thirty to forty thousand prisoners, besides sixty standards, three hundred pieces of cannon, and immense magazines of military stores and provisions: among the prisoners, were more than twenty generals: the Duke of Brunswick and Marshal Mollendorf were wounded, the former mortally; and General Ruchel was killed.* among whom was Dumouriez, at that moment an obscure subaltern in the French service, but who was destined afterwards to check his progress in the plains of Champagne, at the head of a numerous army, and thus to give a new turn to the destinies of France and of Europe. During the campaign of 1762, the hereditary prince resumed his usual activity. On the 31st of August, having seized on the heights of Joannsberg, he endeavoured to prevent the junction of Prince of Conde, but in this attempt he failed of success, and his cannon, and a large body of prisoners, fell into the hands of the enemy. No sooner was a treaty concluded, than his serene peace, and on the 12th of January, 1764, he marhighness returned home to cultivate the arts of ried the Princess Augusta, sister of the present king of England. In 1780, the Duke of Brunswick died, and the hereditary prince, of course, succeeded to his titles and dominions. His first care was directed to the melioration of the affairs of his country, and so unremitting were his endeavours to promote the happiness and prosperity of his subjects, that he acquired, as he merited, the glorious title of the "Father of his people." On the death of the old King of Prussia, the title of field-marshal was conferred upon the duke by Frederick William II., and being appointed to the command of the Prussian army, he succeeded in overrunning Holland, and reinstating the stadtholder. the armies under the Marshal d'Etrees and the * CHARLES WILLIAM FREDERICK, DUKE OF BRUNSWICK, was born on the 9th of October, 1735, O. S., and his ancestry is traced up to Albert Azzoni, one of the richest marquises in Italy, born in the year 996, and married to Cuniza, heiress of the ancient house of Guelphs, or Welfes, in Germany. From this stock, sprung the royal family of England, which having attained the electoral, soon added the regal crown to its arms. The Duke of Brunswick, like all the German Soon after this event, when the successful reprinces of his time, was bred to the profession of volt of a whole people from an oppression sancarms from his cradle, and as he was descended tioned by the practice of ages, had created the from a house eminently warlike, he applied him most serious alarm in all the courts of Europe, the self to war as a science with no common avidity. Duke of Brunswick was looked up to as the only By the time he had attained the age of nineteen, general capable of reducing the French nation the hereditary prince, for by this title he was within the pale of unlimited obedience. On this called during the lifetime of his father, experi- occasion, the rival courts of Vienna and Berlin cor enced many opportunities to distinguish his cou-dially united in the choice of the same leader, who, rage and conduct in arms. The first exploit under- having assumed the command of the combined taken by the hereditary prince as a commander, forces, in July, 1792, advanced from Coblentz to was the capture of Kaya, towards the end of the the heights of Valmy, where an obscure officer of year 1758. Flushed with success, the young war cavalryt foiled the tacticians who had studied rior next advanced against Minden, so celebrated the art of war in the school of the immortal Fredeafterwards, on account of the battle in that neigh-rick; and that army which had marched forward bourhood, and having invested the village on the in all the pride of triumph, denouncing vengeance 5th of March, the garrison surrendered at discre- and desolation against the French capital, was tion at the end of nine days. To this prince, obliged to withdraw, by forced marches, to their England and her allies were not a little indebted own frontier, destitute of provisions, encumbered for the victory of Minden. On that memorable with baggage, exposed to the ravages of a dreadday, he encountered and overcame the Duke de ful dysentery, and completely bereft of all its Brissac, and by that achievement prevented the glory. In 1793, the duke, who in the interval had Marshal de Contades from making his retreat by redeemed some portion of that glory which he had the defiles of Wittenkendstein. At the close of lost at Valmy, by the capture of Mentz, retired the campaign, in 1759, the hereditary prince was from the command of the Prussian army in disgust, detached, with 15,000 men, to serve under his and was succeeded by Mollendorf, the companion relation, Frederick the Great, and was afterwards of his youth and the rival of his old age. On present at the battle of Corbach; and although quitting the duties of the camp, his highness imobliged on this occasion to retreat, yet he main-mediately returned to Brunswick, and occupied tained all his former reputation. Prince FerdiLand and Marshal Broglio were at this period opposed to each other; and the former having conceived the project of cutting off the communication with France by the Lower Rhine, the hereditary prince was detached for that purpose. On this occasion, he was anticipated by the Marquis de Castries, and obliged to recross the Rhine, but he effected a brilliant retreat with his prisoners, himself as usual in promoting the prosperity of his Book I. Chap. iii. p. 87. The Duke of Berg, who, in his opera- Stettin was the fortress to which, after the tions, had so frequently proved himself fatal day of Jena, the Prince of Hohenlohe, worthy of his great preceptor in the art of directed his course with the principal wreck war, on the 15th of October invested Er- of the army, having under him about sixfurth, and, on the following day, that fine teen thousand infantry, principally guards citadel, to which General Mollendorf had and grenadiers, six regiments of cavalry, retreated, was surrendered, with fourteen and sixty-four pieces of harnessed artillery. thousand men, into the hands of the enemy. In his attempt, however, to reach this place The blockade of Magdeburg, which, being he was anticipated by the arrival at Temsupposed perfectly out of danger, had been plon of the Duke of Berg, who, not doubtmade a depôt for the most valuable effects ing that the prince would, in consequence from Munster, Cassel, and East Friedland, of this failure, bend his course to Prentzamounting to a very great accumulation, low, without a moment's loss of time set was entered on the 20th under the orders off for that place, and, by a well-concerted of the same commander, while he proceed-attack, overthrew, in its suburbs, the caed towards Spandau, only three miles from Berlin. The garrison of this place surrendered on the 24th, and on the 8th of November, Magdeburg itself, with twenty-two thousand prisoners, was yielded to the enemy, presenting a singular instance of the effect of that alarm which had been excited by the success of the French forces, and the influence of which pervaded the most numerous garrisons and the strongest fortifications. Another effect of this complete dismay was the capture, by this active and successful commander, of Stettin, a fortress well calculated for defence, and which contained a garrison of six thousand men, and one hundred and sixty pieces of cannon. This achievement was accomplished by one of the wings of the Duke of Berg's corps, while the other attacked a column of six thousand Prussians, who immediately laid down their arms. valry, infantry, and artillery of the prince, and forced him, with great loss, to withdraw within the town, where he was immediately summoned. The gates being speedily burst open by the enemy, and no chance of effectual opposition to the attack remaining, the prince engaged in a treaty of capitulation, and the same day defiled his whole army before the grand-duke, as prisoners of war. The retreat and resistance of the gallant General Blucher are deserving of particular mention. His intention, after the defeat of Jena, was to gain the Oder, to effect a junction with the army of Prince Hohenlohe, and by affording employment to different divisions of the French troops, to allow time for the supply of some important fortresses, and for the junction of the Russian and Prussian troops. The reserve of the army, which, under the Prince of Wurtemberg, had suffered very materially employment in the field and at the head of armies. at Halle, was confided to him on the 24th On the breaking out of the war in 1806, the com- of October, and appears afterwards to have mand of the Prussian army was again confided to met with a corps under the Duke of Weithe Duke of Brunswick. He was almost the only mar and the hereditary Duke of Brunswick. surviving general of the old school, and it remain-It consisted of ten thousand five hundred ed to be determined on the plains of Jena, whether the ancient art of war or the modern system of tactics was doomed to prevail. On the 13th of October, the fatal conflict took place, and victory, as we have seen, declared for the French, under the Emperor Napoleon. While reconnoitering the enemy at an advanced post with a telescope in his hand, the duke was wounded in the face by a grape-shot; and he was obliged soon afterwards to have recourse to a litter, in which he was con ducted to the capital of his dominions. On the approach of the enemy, he left his little metropolis for the last time, and retired by easy journeys to Altona. There, in an obscure lodging, attended by his consort, the sister of the king of England, he heard that the royal family was fled; that nearly all his troops had been intercepted in their retreat; and that he himself was stripped of his dominions. In this melancholy situation, bereft of sight, overwhelmed with pain, and surrounded by misery, died a sovereign prince, who, until eclipsed by a new race of warriors, had been considered as the greatest commander of his age, and to whose talents, at one critical period, all the Sovereigns of Europe looked up for safety and protection. The duke breathed his last on the 10th of November, in the 71st year of his age. men. After various attempts to join Prince His |