was enforced in twelve states," and "the government, sustained by every right-minded citizen, went steadily on in its duty." After the emancipation proclamation had been issued, thousands of slaves came within the lines of the union army, and, at the close of the year, sixty thousand colored troops were in the service of the government.

On the 25th of January, General Burnside was relieved of the command of the army of the Potomac, and General Hooker appointed in his place. Near the close of April, General Hooker crossed the Rappahannock, and, on the 2d, 3d and 4th of May, he encountered a large rebel force, under General Lee, at Chancellorsville. This was a severe contest, in which neither party gained any advantage. Both sides sustained a heavy loss, and among the rebel slain was the famous "Stonewall" Jackson.

On the 28th of June, Hooker was superseded by General George G. Meade. General Lee had advanced from Virginia, through Maryland, into Pennsylvania, during the month of June, and his presence in the latter state produced great terror among the inhabitants. At length, on the 1st of July, he was met at Gettysburg, in Adams county, by General Meade. (See views Nos. 2384, '5, '6 and '7, and 2394, '5 and '6.) The first engagement, on the morning of the 1st, was commanded, on the federal side, by General John F. Reynolds, and on the side of the confederates, by General D. H. Hill. General Reynolds was slain (see view No. 2392). The battle raged, with interruptions, until the evening of the 3d, when the national forces gained a complete victory. They captured three cannon, fortyone banners, over twenty-eight thousand small arms, and nearly fourteen thousand prisoners.

The confederates, followed by the army of the Potomac, retreated into Virginia beyond the Rappahannock. Both armies lay quiet until the 5th of October, when Lee again moved northward, and destroyed the railroad between the Rapidan river and Manassas Junction. Several skirmishes took place between that time and the early part of November, when Meade drove

the rebel force back across the Rappahannock, and there encamped. Nothing more of importance was done by these armies until the next year.

During the year 1863, the union troops in North Carolina, under General J. G. Foster, after a series of engagements, gained possession of all of eastern North Carolina north of the Neuse river. The Department of the Gulf, also, under General Banks, with headquarters at New Orleans, was active during this year. In a vigorous raid between New Orleans and Alexandria, on the Red river, Banks captured twenty-two cannon and two thousand prisoners, besides considerable public property and several steamboats. In company with Admiral Farragut, he captured Port Hudson, on the Mississippi, on the 8th of July. General Banks reports his captures during this campaign to be over ten thousand men "seventy-three guns, six thousand small arms, beside three gunboats, eight other steamboats, and cotton, cattle, &c., to an immense value." He also sent out a successful expedition to Texas.

Admiral Dupont, on the 7th of April, attempted the capture of Fort Sumter, but was unsuccessful, because he was not aided by any land forces. General Quincy A. Gillmore was sent to his assistance, and, "on the 23d of August, after a terrible bombardment for seven days, Fort Sumter was reduced, it was reported, to a 'shapeless and harmless mass of ruins.' views of Fort Sumter.)

(See

After Sherman's unsuccessful attack on Vicksburg, in December, 1862, he went with General John A. McClernand, who, with the assistance of Admiral Porter, in January, 1863, took possession of Arkansas Post, on the Arkansas river, together with "five thousand prisoners, seventeen guns, three thousand small arms, besides large quantities of munitions and commissary stores."

General Grant, who was now at the head of the Army of the Mississippi, began to lay plans for the capture of Vicksburg, a post considered impregnable by the confederates. After several unsuccessful attempts to pass around the city, he, on the 14th of April, crossed the Mississippi and gained two battles near

Port Gibson, south of Vicksburg, whence he advanced to the rear of the city. He laid siege to the city on the 19th of May. At first he had some trouble in retaining his position, for General Joseph E. Johnston was in his rear with a large force. He persevered, however, in the assault upon Vicksburg, and, on the 4th of July, General John C. Pemberton, the officer in command, surrendered the city to General Grant, and a force was sent, under General Sherman, to hold Johnston in check.

General Grant gives, as the result of this campaign, "the defeat of the enemy in five battles outside of Vicksburg; the occupation of Jackson, the capital of the state of Mississippi, and the capture of Vicksburg and its garrisons and munitions of war; a loss to the enemy of thirty-seven thousand prisoners, among whom were fifteen general officers; at least ten thousand killed and wounded, and among the killed Generals Tracy, Tilghman and Green, and hundreds, perhaps thousands of stragglers, who can never be collected and reorganized. Arms and munitions of war for an army of sixty thousand men have fallen into our hands; besides a large amount of other public property, consisting of railroads, locomotives, cars, steamboats, cotton, &c.; and much was destroyed to prevent our capturing it." This was the most brilliant and memorable campaign of the war, and "the heaviest single blow ever given to the muscular resources of the rebellion.”

This victory, coming, as it did, on the day after that of Meade, at Gettysburg, caused great rejoicing throughout the country.

After his victory at Murfreesboro, Tennessee (January 4), General Rosecrans remained quiet until the 25th of June. At that time, however, he again advanced against Bragg, compelling him to retire as far as Chattanooga, on the Tennessee river, in the southern part of the state. Rosecrans moved on, took possession of Chattanooga, and, on the 19th of September, encountered the forces under Bragg, and re-enforcements from Lee, under General James Longstreet, in the Chickamauga valley. Rosecrans was compelled to retire to Chattanooga, where he remained until Grant arrived with additional forces. That

commander, on the 19th of October, left General J. B. McPherson in command at Vicksburg, and went himself to take command of the army of the Cumberland, at Chattanooga. He restored communication with that place, and, being re-enforced by Sherman in November, he, on the 23d, commenced the memorable battle of Lookout Mountain and Chattanooga. (See views of Lookout Mountain). A force under General Hooker gained possession of Lookout Mountain, and, on the 25th, the battle terminated in favor of the national army. Bragg fled into Georgia, and Longstreet went to Knoxville, in East Tennessee. Here, on the 29th, he attacked a union force under General Burnside, but, Sherman arriving with re-enforcements from Grant's army, Longstreet fled back to the army under General Lee, in Virginia.

During this year, the states of Missouri and Arkansas passed into the hands of the national force in that department, and, on the 26th of July, General John Morgan, the noted guerrilla, surrendered a large force under his command, to General Shackleford, in Morgan county, Ohio. The navy had also been at work. The rebel ram Atlanta was captured by the Weehawken, of Dupont's fleet, under Captain John Rodgers, off the coast of Georgia, on the 17th of June. Farragut and Porter had also won several victories on the Mississippi river and its tributaries. At the close of this year, therefore, the people of the loyal north had great cause for rejoicing, and the prospects for the speedy success of the armies of the republic were greater than ever before.

1864.

On the 1st of February, of this year, President Lincoln again ordered a draft for three hundred thousand men; and, on the 15th of March, he issued a call for two hundred thousand more volunteers for the army and navy. Preparations were made at the beginning of the year for another attempt to gain possession of Richmond.

On the 16th of January, fifteen miles of the track of the Virginia and Tennessee railroad, west of Lynchburg, were destroyed

by a band of Union cavalry from the army of the Potomac, under General W. W. Averill.

On the 3d of February, General Sherman left Vicksburg on an invasion eastward. He was gone twenty-four days, and his expedition was exceedingly successful. An invading force, under General Truman Seymour, left Port Royal, in South Carolina, on the 5th, and succeeded in making its way to Olustee, where, on the 20th, it was defeated by a large confederate force, and was compelled to fall back to Jacksonville. On the 13th of March, General A. J. Smith, from the army at Vicksburg, together with the fleet of Admiral Porter, captured Fort De Russey, on the Red river. Then, in conjunction with General Banks, they gained two victories-one at Cane river, on the 26th of March, and one at Pleasant Hill on the 9th of April.

At this time, General Steele, in command at Arkansas, in endeavoring to join the Red river expedition, was attacked, and lost two hundred wagons and two thousand men. On the 24th of March, the rebel cavalry leader, General N. B. Forrest, captured Union City, in Tennessee, and on the 25th he plundered Paducah, in Kentucky. On the 12th of April he took possession of Fort Pillow, in western Tennessee, on the Mississippi river, where he instituted a general massacre upon colored troops stationed there.

The armies of the east and west made preparations for a great campaign at the beginning of the year. The army of the Potomac, under General Meade, and the three armies of the west, united under General Sherman, were all eager to meet the foe. On account of his valuable services to the government, General Grant, on the 9th of March, received a commission as Lieutenant-General, and was appointed General-in-Chief of the national forces. He took command of the army of the Potomac, with his headquarters in the field, and, on the 3d of May, sent an order to General Sherman to advance against the rebels in Georgia, while he, with the Potomac army, should move upon Richmond. He crossed the Rapidan and encountered the army of Lee in the "Wilderness," near Chancellorsville, on the 5th of