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ancient soccage-tenure: the custom came from our Saxon ancestors, among whom the inheritance of lands did not descend to the eldest, but to all the sons alike; and the reason why it was retained in Kent is, because the Kentish men were not conquered by the Normans in the time of William I.

The particular customs attending this tenure are, that the heir, at the age of fifteen, may give or sell his lands in ga velkind; and though the father is attainted of treason and felony, and suffers death, the son shall inherit. A wife shall be endowed of a moiety of the gavelkind-lands of which her husband died seised, during her widowhood. Likewise a husband may be tenant by courtesy of half his wife's lands, without having any issue by her; but if he mar ries again, not having issue, he forfeits his tènancy.

GAUGE-POINT, of a solid measure, the diameter of a circle, whose area is equal to the solid content of the same measure. Thus, the solidity of a winegallon being 231 cubic inches, if you conceive a circle to contain so many inches, the diameter of it will be 17.15; and that will be the gauge-point of wine-measure. And an ale-gallon, containing 282 cubic inches, by the same rule, the gauge-point for ale measure will be found to be 19.15. After the same manner may the gauge point of any foreign measure be obtained; and from hence may be drawn this consequence, that when the diameter of a cylinder, in inches, is equal to the gauge point of any measure, given likewise in inches, every inch in length thereof will contain an integer of the same measure, e. gr. in a cylinder whose diameter is 17.15 inches, every inch in height contains one entire gallon in wine measure; and in another, whose diameter is 18.95 inches, every inch in length contains one ale gallon.

GAUGER, a king's officer, who is appointed to examine all tuns, pipes, hogsheads, and barrels, of wine, beer, ale, oil, honey, &c. and give them a mark of allowance, before they are sold in any place within the extent of his of fice.

GAUGING, is the art of ascertaining the contents of casks, vats, and other regularly formed vessels, either in wine measure, which has 231 cubic inches to the gallon; in ale measure, which has 282 to the gallon; or in corn measure, which has 2150.42 cubic inches to the bushel. To find the contents of a vessel of a rec

tilinear form, you must ascertain the number of square inches on its surface, which being divided by the foregoing numbers (according as you use wine, ale, or corn measure,) will give the contents in gallons. But in this we suppose the vessel to be only one inch in depth; if more, the number of inches from the surface to the bottom must become a second agent in the calculation. Thus, ifa cooler be a parallelogram of 250 inches long, and 84.5 broad, these measurements being multiplied together, will give an area of 21.125 inches, which being divided by 282, the number of inches in an ale gallon, the result will be 74.9 gallons: or if the product had been divided by 003546, the quotient would have been 74.90925, which is much the same. We have in this case supposed the area to have perpendicular sides, only one inch in depth. If the sides be six inches deep, the foregoing result, viz. 74.9, should be multiplied by 6; which would then give 449.4 gallons to be the measurement of the cooler. Where the sides shelve in, as in most tubs, or project out as in bell casks, regularly increasing or decreasing from the top to the bottom, the whole length at top and the whole length at bottom must be added together, and be halved, so as to give the medium length; and the same to find a medium of the two breadths at top and bottom. These mediums being multiplied together will give an area, which, being multiplied by the depth in inches, will shew the true contents, in either wine, ale, or corn measure, according to the divisor used. When the bottom shelves equally, the measurement at the centre will be a true medium; but if the bottom is uneven and irregular, you must take various measurements in different parts; then add the whole together, and divide by the number of measure. ments, or dips, and the quotient will, in general, be a fair medium. If the vessel is

triangular, pentagonal, or anywise polyangular, the area must be ascertained by the ordinary rules in GEOMETRY, which

see.

In circular vessels you must multiply the square of the diameter by .002785 for ale, or .003399 for wine : divide the former measure by 359.05, the latter by 294.12, and the quotients will be ale or wine gallons respectively.

Where you have an oval vessel to measure, ascertain the transverse or longest diameter, and the cojugate, or shortest diameter; multiply them together and divide as above.

Prismatic vessels are measured according to the first explanation, and frustrated or pyramidical vessels are disposed of in the same manner as those whose side or sides regularly augment, or vice versa. Truncated cones, likewise, come under the same rule; only treating their terminations as circles, instead of computing them as squares, or rectilinear bases. The following very easy mode of ascertaining the contents of a conic frustum is given by the ingenious Newton. Multiply each diameter (i. e. of top and bottom) by itself; then the one by the other, and the aggregate of those products by the altitude; multiply also the last product by 78539, (the superficial content of a circle whose diameter is 1000); a third part of the product is the measure of the frustum.

Therefore, when vessels have their sides composed of straight ribs, proceeding in right lines from one to the other end of the conic frustum, the measurement is easily made; thus we may, with. out difficulty, ascertain the contents of great coppers, mashing-tubs, corn-binns, and a great variety of similar vessels. But we rarely see casks of any description formed by the union of two frustrated cones; their usual shape is more spheroidal; that is, they have an arched or swelling course from the bung to the chimb or end; consequently these contain more than such as are truly conical. This occasions the necessity for allowing something for the bulge or swell, and of taking the diameter at the centre, between the bung and the chimb, which diameter will give a true medium. The thickness of the cask may easily be ascertained by aid of calibre compasses applied to the proper part. The length of the cask may be measured internally, by putting a rod or wand in at the tap hole, and the internal diameter may be taken in a similar way at the bung; but such can only be done when the cask is empty, or, at least, opened for the purpose: whereas casks that are filled and sealed must often be measured; for this purpose the calibre compasses are extremely useful, since they embrace the outside measure. To correct the computation, we must usually allow an inch and a half in the whole length, and the same in the whole diameters at the bung and chimb, thus exteriorly taken, for the thickness of the cask itself. This deduction being made, we must compute according to the form or swell of the staves. If they be much raised, we multiply the difference between the diameter at the

bung, and at the end, by .7; if less raised, or swelling, we multiply the difference by .65; if nearly straight, by .6, and if rectilinear, or truly conical, by .55; the product added to the diameter at the end, or head, will give a mean diameter. Suppose the diameter within the bung to be 32 inches, at the head 24, and that the length within be 40; the difference between 32 and 24 is 8, which, multiplied by .7, gives 5.6; add thereto the diameter at the head, 24, and the medium will be 29.6; multiply by the length 40, and divide by 359.05, and the quotient will be ale gallons 97.4. And thus, with the other multipliers, according to the apparent bulge or swell between the bung and the chimb, and according to wine or ale mea

sure.

To find the ullage, or quantity of liquor deficient in a cask, we have the following rule. Take the diameter at the bung, and ascertain the number of inches and parts that are dry; say that of 29 inches 13 be dry; also that the whole cask measures 80 gallons. Divide the dry inches 18 by 29, the bung diameter; the quotient will be .148; find the two first figures, .44 under V. S. in the annexed table, and its sequent will be .4238, to which add a proportional part for the 8, and the whole sequent will be .4343, which, multiplied by the contents of the cask, will shew a deficiency of 34.664 gallons. This measurement, however, applies to cylinders only; if the cask be conical, you must find the mean diameter, which should be deducted from that at the bung; and noting half the difference, which is to be deducted from the wet inches, and reserved. Then, as the mean diameter is to 100, so is the reserved difference to a versed line in the table and if the segment (to be found in the table, be multiplied, as before shown, into the contents, the product will be the quantity of liquor in the cask.

Example. Let the bung-diameter be 32, the mean-diameter 29.6, and the whole measure 97.4 gallons: say there be 19 inches wet:

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By such simple means we may ascertain the dimensions of most vessels in common use; we may, indeed, ordinarily estimate the diameters of casks to be in the proportion of 7 at the chimb for 10 at the bung, which gives a medium of 8.5.

But gaugers are, in general, provided with a neat, compact instrument, in form of a folding rule, whereby the measurement of a cask's interior may be taken with sufficient accuracy. This instrument consists of four pieces, each a foot long and about three-eighths of an inch square. It has three brass joints, for the purpose of folding. On one face is a double line of diagonals, one appropriated to wine, the other to beer measure. By inserting the lower end of the rod at the bung of the cask, and directing it obliquely so as to touch the junction of the head and stave, and noting the figures which stand opposite the centre of the interior of the bung-hole, the measurement is taken: in this process care must be taken to measure towards both chimbs, because a cask has not always the bung truly centrical:

when any difference appears, the mediuma of the two measurements serves as a standard. Open vessels may be measured in the same way, by measuring the oblique line from the surface, or one side to the bottom of the other side; but only half the quantity shewn on the scale is to be taken for the contents. There is also a scale for cylindrical vessels, which shews the contents of one inch deep in any given area or diameter.

We must remark, that complete accuracy is not to be expected from this rod, however justly it may have been graduated: because the curves of staves, as has been shewn, vary so much, as to render some exclusive attention to that circumstance absolutely necessary; it being a point which cannot be determined by the rod or rule. The guagers in excise offices usually understand, at sight, if any unusual curve exists, and fail not to make allowance for such anomalies. The wine merchants, however, for many years, got the start of them, by causing the staves to be hollowed out considerably, indeed

as far as could be done with safety, leaving the bungholes and the ends of the staves of their ordinary thickness. By this device many gallons escaped paying duty while the vender, selling by the gallon, lost nothing, though he saved freight in proportion to the quantity of wood scooped from the interior face.

GAULTHERIA, in botany, a genus of the Decandria Monogynia class and order. Natural order of Bicornes. Ericæ, Jussieu Essential character: calyx, outer two-leaved, inner five-cleft; corolla ovate; nectary with ten dagger-points; capsule five-celled, covered with the inner calyx, now become a berry. There are two species.

GAURA, in botany, a genus of the Octandria Monogynia class and order. Natural order of Calycanthema. Onagræ, Jussieu. Essential character: calyx fourcleft, tubulous; corolla four-petalled, rising towards the upper side; nut inferior, one-seeded, four cornered. There is but one species.

GAUZE, in commerce, a thin transparent stuff, sometimes woven with silk, and sometimes only of thread. In preparing the silk for making gauze it is wound round a wooden machine six feet high, in the middle of which an axis is placed perpendicularly, with six large wings on these the silk is wound on bobbins by the revolution of the axis; and when it is thus placed round the mill, it is taken off by means of another instrument, and wound on two beams. This is then passed through as many small beads as it has threads, and is thus rolled on another beam, in order to supply the loom. Gauzes are either plain or figured; the latter are worked with flowers of silver or gold, on a silk ground; and are chiefly imported from China. Gauzes of excellent quality have, of late years, been manufactured at Paisley.

GAZELLA. See ANTELOPE.

GAZETTE, a newspaper, or printed account of the transactions of all the countries in the known world, in a loose sheet, or half sheet. This name is with us confined to that paper of news published by authority.

The first gazette in England was published at Oxford, the court being there, Nov. 7, 1665. On the removal of the court to London the gazette was published there. In this work are recorded all commissions and promotions in the army, all state appointments of consequence, with a variety of matters interesting to men of business and others.

GAZONS, in fortification, pieces of fresh earth, covered with grass, and cut in form of a wedge, about a foot long, and half a foot thick, to line the outsides of works made of earth, as ramparts, parapets, &c.

GELATINE, in chemistry, is one of the constituent parts of animal substances. Glue, well known in many of the mechanical and other arts, is gelatine, in a state of impurity, and may be obtained by repeatedly washing the fresh skin of an animal in cold water, afterwards boiling it, and reducing it to a small quantity, by slow evaporation, and allowing it to cool. It then assumes the form of jelly, and becomes hard and semitransparent. Gelatine has neither taste nor smell; it is soluble in hot acids and alkalies; but there is no action between any of the earths and this substance. Some of the metallic oxides and salts form precipitates with gelatine in its solution in water, and the compound thus formed is insoluble. Gelatine forms a copious white precipitate with tan, which is brittle and insoluble in water, and is not changed by exposure to the air. It is composed of carbon, hydrogen, azote, and oxygen, with small portions of phosphate of lime and of soda. It is a principal part both of the solid and fluid! parts of animals, and is employed in the state of glue, size, and isinglass. See GLUE,

GELD, in our old customs, a Saxon word, signifying money, or tribute: also a compensation for some crime committed. See GILD.

GELLIBRAND, (HENRY) an industrious English mathematician and astronomer, was born at London in the year 1597. When he was eighteen years of age he was admitted a commoner of Trinity College, in the university of Oxford, where, in the year 1619, he took his degree of B. A. At that time, Anthony Wood says, "He was esteemed to have no great matter in him;" but afterwards he conceived a strong inclination for the mathematics, upon accidentally hearing one of Sir Henry Saville's lectures in that science, and applied to it with considerable diligence and success. Having taken orders, he settled for some time as a curate at Chiddingstone in Kent; but his passion for mathematical studies determined him to quit that situation, and to return to the University, where he might uninterruptedly pursue the bent of his mind, supported by the moderate private patrimony which descended to him on the death of his

father. His sole attention was now devoted to the mathematics, in which he made such proficiency, at the time of his taking his degree of M. A. in 1623, that he attracted the notice and friendship of several able mathematicians who flourished at that time, particularly of the celebrated Henry Briggs, then Savillian professor of geometry at Oxford. While he continued in the pursuit of these studies, the professorship of astronomy in Gresham College, London, becoming vacant by the death of the ingenious Edmund Gunter, Mr. Briggs encouraged Mr. Gellibrand to become a candidate for that chair. Accordingly he proceeded to London, with strong

testimonials in his favour from the President, Vice President, and Fellows of his College, and other active friends, and was chosen to fill that post by the electors, in the month of January, 1626. From that time he lived, as he had done before, in a close intimacy with Mr. Briggs, who took great pleasure in communicating to him his mathematical opinions and discoveries, and at the time of his death confided to him the task of completing his "British Trigonometry,"

which he did not live to finish. While Mr. Gellibrand was preparing that work for the press, he was cited, together with his servant William Beale, into the High Commission Court, by Doctor Laud, then Bishop of London, on account of an almanac for the year 1631, which Beale had published with the approbation of his master. In this almanac, the Popish saints usually put into the calendar were omitted, and the names of other saints and martyrs, mentioned in "Fox's Acts and Monuments of the Church," were inserted, as they stood in Fox's calendar. This circumstance gave great offence to the haughty prelate, and determined him to prosecute them for a measure, which he considered to be an unequivocal evidence of their Puritanism. But when their cause came to a hearing, by shewing that what they had done was no innovation, and pleading that they had no ill intention, they were acquitted by Archbishop Abbot and the whole court, Laud only excepted; which was made an article of accusation against the last-mentioned prelate at his own trial. This prosecution proved the means of retarding the publication of Mr. Briggs' work; but when Mr. Gellibrand had escaped from the vengeance of Laud, he again applied to the completion of his friend's design, and having added to it a preface,

and the application of the logarithms to plane and spherical trigonometry, &c. constituting the second book of the work, the whole was printed at Gouda in Holland, under the care of Adrian Vlacq, in 1636. It was entitled "Trigonometria Britannica, sive de Doctrina Triangulorum, Libri duo, &c." folio.

Mr. Gellibrand, however, though an industrious mathematician, had not suffi cient comprehension of mind to admit the evidence, which Galileo had lately produced in support of the Copernican system. This appears from the account which he had, when he went over to which he has given of a conversation Holland on the business of printing the Trigonometry, with Lansberg,an eminent astronomer in Zealand, who insisted on the truth of that system. "This, which he was pleased to style a truth," says our author, "I should readily receive as an hypothesis, and so be easily led on to the consideration of the imbecility of man's apprehension, as not able rightly to conceive of this admirable opifice of God, or frame of the world, without falling foul of so great an absurdity. Yet, sure I am, it is a probable induce. ment to shake a wavering understanding."

From Mr. Gellibrand's situation at Gresham College, and his intercourse with the lovers of mathematical studies, he had an opportunity of contributing some pieces, mentioned below, to the improvement of navigation, which science would probably have been farther benefitted by him, had he not been immaturely carried off by a fever in 1636, when in the fortieth year of his age. That his mathematical knowledge was considerable, and usefully applied, is sufficiently apparent from the treatises which he left behind him, and the estimation in which he was held by the most respectable men of science among his contempora ries, both at Oxford and London. But he is entitled more to the praise of close and unwearied industry than of invention or genius. Besides his part of the "Trigonometria Britannica," he was the author of " An Appendix concerning Longi. tude," subjoined to Captain Thomas James's Voyage for the Discovery of the North West Passage, 1633, quarto; “A Discourse mathematical, on the variation of the Magnetic Needle, together with the admirable diminution lately discovered," annexed to Wright's "Errors in Navigation Detected, &c." 1635,

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