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particularly described, is, for general use, the, most convenient, and in other respects, the best battery yet introduced.

The next thing to be considered, is the management of the galvanic battery. First, all of the cells of the trough must be filled, within about half an inch of the top, with a liquid, composed of water, with about one twenty-fifth part of the muriatic or the nitric acid. The plates of the trough are shorter than the depth of the trough by about three-fourths of an inch; so that the trough may be leaned on one side in the filling, for the purpose of letting the liquid run equally into all the cells.

If a number of troughs are to be connected together, the communication must be made by arcs of metal, which are inserted into the liquid of one cell of each trough, as represented in fig. 1, at C. In making the connection, it is to be observed, that the zinc surface of one trough must correspond with the copper one of another, and the zinc of the latter with copper of a third, and so on. This arrangement may be better conceived by placing them in the same order, and to end in such a way, that all the zinc surfaces may face one way, and the copper ones the other. After all the troughs are connected together, let the two unconnected ends, at which the experiments are to be made, be as near together as possible.

A connection being now formed between the two ends, one of which we shall term the zinc end, and the other the copper end, the united energy of the whole will be transmitted through the connecting medium.

EXPERIMENTS.

The most striking and the most common experiments are those which consist in the galvanic energy upon the organs of animals. If two metallic rods, or, what is equally convenient, two silver spoons, be grasped, one in each hand, the skin of the part being previously moistened with a solution of salt, and one of the spoons be brought in contact with one end of the battery, the moment the other comes in contact with the other end of the battery the shock is perceived. Fifty compound plates will give a shock which will be felt in the elbows. One of a hundred will be felt in the shoulders. A greater number of plates give so forcible a shock to the muscles, as to be dreaded a second time. VOL. V.

The shock appears to depend upon the number of plates. The stun, or first impression, is much the same, whatever may be the size of the plates; at least, from the size of two inches square to that of ten; the surfaces being as four to one hundred. The effect upon the muscles, as well as upon the cuticle itself, is very different from large plates, when the series is the same. It appears that the shock, or first impression, is as the series, which is also as the intensity of the electricity. If the shock be received from the same number of large plates, the same species of commotion is produced, in the first instance, as with the small plates; but if the contact be still kept up, a continuation of the effect is perceived, which is felt through the whole arms, producing a vast tremor, attended with a sensation of warmth. If the plates be from eight to twelve inches square, this effect may be perpetually kept, while the acid in the cells is expended.

Though small plates have been recommended for medical purposes, we think large ones will be found more likely to have a good effect. If the medical advantage is to be derived from the stimulus of galvanism, the effect of a perpetual and regular current of that stimulus must certainly be preferable to the rapid transmission of a small quantity.

The galvanic shock may also be conveniently given, by immersing the hands or the feet into vessels containing a solution of salt, and bringing wires from each end of the battery into the liquid. If any other part of the body is intended to be operated upon, a sponge, moistened with salt water, fastened to a metal plate connected with one end of the battery, may be applied to the part, and the hand or foot put into a vessel of the same liquid, connected by a wire with the other end of the battery. Small bits of sponge or bits of leather may be fastened to the end of the connecting wires, and made more or less moist, as the delicacy of the part may require. This contrivance is very useful in operating upon the eyes

or ears.

When galvanism is used medically, it should first be applied very feebly, and the effect gradually increased, as the susceptibility of the part will admit. If the part has, from disease, become so languid and insusceptible, as not to be sensible of the effect, it should be scarified, or by other means have the cuticle removed. This is sometimes the case with languid tumours, and some cases of paralysis.LI

Though we had no great opinion of the medical agency of galvanism, we have lately heard of several very successful cases, one of which in particular was the cure of perfect loss of speech. If the naked metal of the wire from a powerful battery be applied to the skin, it becomes cauterized and blistered.

If the plate, covered with a moistened sponge, connected with one end of the battery, be applied to the back of the head, at the same time that the moisttened fingers of one hand are slightly applied to the other end, a smarting sensation will be felt in the part, and a taste at the same time will be felt in the mouth, similar, but in a greater degree, to that occasioned by the piece of zinc and the shilling when laid upon the tongue. This experiment succeeds the best with a small number of large plates, as much as ten inches square.

Decomposition of Water and other Bodies.

The most simple way of performing this experiment is, to bring the wires coming from each end of the battery into a vessel of water. A profusion of bubbles of gas will appear to be given out from each wire, as far as they are immersed in the liquid. The nearer the wires are brought together, so as not to touch, the more rapidly the decompo. sition goes on. The gas produced from the wire coming from the zinc end of the battery, if the wire be of gold or platina, is found to be oxygen gas; but if the wire be of any more oxydable metal, no gas will appear, but the wire becomes oxydated. The gas furnished by the wire from the copper end of the battery, or whatever kind of metal the wire may be, is pure hydrogen. If the immersed part of this, however, be previously oxydated, no gas will be observed for some time, the hydrogen being employed in reducing the oxide upon the surface.

Both the gases are furnished from the decomposition of the water.

An apparatus more convenient for this experiment, and at the same time fitted for collecting the gases, is shown in fig. 4; cg, is a cup of glass capable of receiving the glass tube, h; Ec, and fz, are two wires of platina, fitted into two holes perforated in the bottom of the glass cup; the tube, h, which is close at the top, is first filled with the water or other liquid, and the cup invered upon it; the whole are then sud

denly returned into their erect position. This apparatus is then placed in the frame, fig. 5; A B C D are four pieces of brass, united together by the pieces of glass, F and G, and supported by four legs, through which also the brass rods, H and K, are passed. It is plain, the two sides of this frame are insulated with respect to each other, at least as much as is necessary for any galvanic experiment. The part f, in fig. 4, being introduced into any of the holes, such as n m, the opposite end, F, is made to rest on the opposite brass rod, K. If the wires from the battery be now connected with the frame at H and K, the gass will instantly begin to rise from the wires, c and z, up into the tube, while the liquid descends and occupies the

cup.

A number of the apparatus, such as fig. 4, may be employed at the same time; and if the different tubes are filled with different liquids, such as the various solutions of salts, and the communication of each occasionally cut off, by placing some non-conductor at E, their relative conducting powers may be ascertained.

If two tubes of smaller size be placed, one over the wire, z, and the other over that of c, the gases may be collected separately.

If the tube contains a metallic solution, such as silver, lead, or copper, the wire from the copper end of the battery will afford no gas; but the metal of the solu tion will be reduced. Let the glass vessel A, fig. 6, have the two tubes, z and c, ground into its two necks. At the ends, z and C, of the tubes, are tied bits of bladder, so that any liquid in the tubes may have no tendency to enter the vessel A. The vessel being previously filled with some liquid, the tubes are so inserted that no air may exist between the ends of the tubes; the tubes are also provided with two small caps of ivory or wood, through which the platina wires, p p, aré passed, reaching the bottom so near as not to pierce the bladders. The tubes being filled with water, and the wire from the zinc end of the battery connected with the wire of tube z, while that of the copper is attached to that of tube c, the decomposition of water will speedily commence, the wire in z affording oxygen gas, while that of c affords hydrogen gas. In a very short time, the liquid of the tube z will be found to contain muriatic acid; or, rather, the oxymuriatic; and the tube, c, will at the same time be found to con

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Let the end of the wires of the battery be each provided with a pair of tweezers, one pair of which being insulated from the hand by covering the surface with dry cloth; place between each pair of tweezers a small bit of charcoal, made in a close vessel, from box-wood, or lignum vitæ. The moment the contact is formed between the bits of charcoal, a vivid light is produced, much more brilliant than that occasioned by burning in oxygen. If the contact be frequently severed by a sort of tremulous motion, the light may be kept up for some time.

The foils and small wires of metals are deflagrated by placing them in the current. Let one of the conducting wires be brought in contact with an iron dish, filled with mercury. Let the foil or small wires be attached to the other conducting wire, and be brought in contact with the surface of the mercury, which, constantly presenting a clear surface, is very convenient in these experiments. A very brilliant effect may also be produced, by presenting the foils to the surface of a sheet of tinsel.

In flaming oils, alcohol, &c. by galvanism, some thin metallic substance, or a small piece of charcoal, should be covered with the substance to be inflamed. The moment the contact is made, as in deflagrating the metal, the oil takes fire.

The galvanic spark, with great facility, fires a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen gases.

A very brilliant discovery has lately been made by Mr. Davy, Professor at

the Royal Institution, and confirmed by others, which consists in the decompo sition of the two fixed alkalies. It is performed by placing a bit of the alkali in the solid state, and a little moistened,upon a plate of platina, connected with one end of the battery, and bringing into contact with it another piece of platina, from the other end of the battery. A portion of black matter is soon formed, in which is found imbedded small metallic globules; which substance is found to be the base of the alkali, and has been deprived of its oxygen by the galvanic agency. These globules are so inflammable, as to decompose water, with a brilliant flash and slight explosion. See ALKALI.

This discovery will be of great importance to chemistry, and will probably soon make a serious change in its arrangement and nomenclature.

GAMBOGE, is a substance obtained from the stalagmites cambogioides, a tree that grows wild in the East Indies: from which it is had by wounding the shoots, It is brought here in large cakes, which are yellow, opaque, and brittle. With water it forms a yellow turbid liquid used in painting. In alcohol it is completely dissolved. If taken internally, it operates violently as a cathartic.

GAME. It is a maxim of the common law, that goods of which no person can claim any property belong to the King by his prerogative; hence those animals feræ naturæ, which come under the denomination of game, are styled his Majesty's game; and that which he has he may grant to another; in consequence of which, another may prescribe to have the same within such a precinct or lordship. And hence originated the right of lords of manors, or others, to the game within their respective liberties. For the preservation of these species of auimals, for the recreation and amusement of persons of fortune, to whom the King has granted the same, and to prevent persons of inferior rank from misemploying their time, the following acts of parliament have been made. The common people are not injured by these restrictions, no right being taken from them which they ever enjoyed; but privileges are granted to those who have certain qualifications therein mentioned, which before rested solely in the King To entitle any one to kill game, he must now take out a certificate, upon which a stamp duty is payable. These certificates are to be dated the day of the month when issued,

and shall be in force till the first of July following, and no longer; and if any clerk of the peace, his deputy, or steward, clerk, &c. issue certificates otherwise than directed, to forfeit 201. 25 Geo. III. sess. 2. No person to destroy game, until he has delivered an account of his name and place of abode to the clerk of the peace, or his deputy, or to the sheriff, or steward, clerk of the county, riding, shire, stewartry, or place where such person shall reside, and annually take out a certificate thereof, which must have a stamp duty of 31. 38. 25 Geo. III. sess. 2. Any person counterfeiting or forging any seal or stamp directed to be used by this act, with intent to defraud the revenue, or shall utter or sell such counterfeit, on conviction there. of, shall be adjudged a felon, and shall suffer death without benefit of clergy; and all provisions of former acts relative to stamp duties to be in force in executing this act. 25 Geo. III. sess. 2. Every qualified person, shooting at, killing, taking, or shooting, any pheasant, partridge, heath-fowl, or black-game, or any grouse or red game, or any other game, or killing, taking, or destroying any hare, with any greyhound, hound, pointer, spaniel, setting-dog, or other dog, without having obtained such certificate, shall forfeit the sum of 201. Id. Clerks of the peace, or their deputies, or the sheriff, or stewardclerks, in their respective counties, ridings, shires, stewartries, or places, shall, on or before November 1, 1785, or sooner, if required by the commissioners of his Majesty's stamp duties, transmit to the head office of stamps in London, a correct list, in alphabetical order, of the certificates by them issued between the 25th day of March in the year 1785, and the first of October in the same year; and shall also in every subsequent year, on or before the first of August in each year, make out and transmit to the stamp office in London,correct alphabetical lists of the certificates so granted by them, distinguishing the duties paid on each respective certificate so isused; and on delivery thereof, the receiver-general of the stamp duties shall pay to the clerk of the peace, &c. for the same, one halfpenny a name; and in case of neglect or refusal, or not inserting a full, true and perfect account, he shall forfeit 201. Id. Lists may be inspected at the stamp office for is. each search; (id.) which list shall once, or of tener in every year, be inserted in the newspapers in each respective county. If any qualified person, or one having a deputation, shall be found in pursuit of

game, with gun, dog, or net, or other engine for the destruction of game, or taking or killing thereof, and shall be required to show his certificate, by the lord or lady of the manor, or proprietor of the land whereon such person shall be using such gun, &c. or by any duly appointed gamekeeper, or by any qualified or certified person, or by any officer of the stamps, properly authorised by the commissioners, he shall produce his certificate and if such person shall refuse, upon the production of the certificate of the person requiring the same, to show the certificate granted to him for the like\ purpose; or in case of not having such certificate to produce, shall refuse to tell his christian and surname, and his place of residence, and the name of the county where his certificate was issued, or shall give in any false or fictitious name, he shall forfeit 501. Id. Certificates do not authorize any person to shoot at, kill, take, or destroy, any game, at any time that is prohibited by law, nor give any person a right to shoot at, &c. unless he be duly qualified by law. Id. No certificate obtained under any deputation shall be pleaded or given in evidence, where any person shall shoot at, &c. any game out of the manors or lands for which it was given. The royal family are exempted from taking out certificates for themselves or their deputies. Id. The duty on these certificates are now, by an act which is at present passing the house, to be had through the collectors of the assessed taxes. The above is the law now in force. Besides having a certificate, each person to kill game must be qualified by having a certain estate. The last general qualification (to use the words of Dr. Burn, though in fact it is the first of the acts relative to the game ever now put in force,) by estate or degree, to kill game, is 22, 23 Charles II. c. 25. This enacts, that every person not having lands or tenements of the clear yearly value of 100%.or on leases for 99 years, or upwards, of the clear yearly value of 1501. or except the eldest son and heir of an esquire or person of higher degree, or owners of forests, parks, &c. in respect of such forest, park, &c. is not qualified for himself, or any other person, to keep guns, bows, greyhounds, &c. s. S. This merely states the qualification; the penalties and modes of proceeding are entirely changed by subsequent acts: and first, by 5 Anne, c. 14, which directs that all former acis not thereby repealed and altered continue in force. With respect to offences against the game laws, we shall here enumerate

those chiefly which fall under the cognizance of justices of the peace out of sessions, premising, that for brevity sake the following abbreviations are used; viz. P. denotes the penalty; R. the mode of recovery; A. the application of it; Ap. the appeal; J. 1 or 2, and W. 1 or 2, that one or two justices may convict, or that one or two witnesses must prove the offence: and in treating of the several statutes on this head, we shall consider, 1. what relates to game exclusively; 2. what relates to other quadrupeds; and, 3. other birds, which, though feræ naturæ, are sometimes reclaimed, and private property.

Every higler, chapman, victualler, carrier, &c. who shall have in his possession any hare, pheasant, partridge, moorgame, &c. or offer to sell any such (except sent by a person qualified to kill game,) P. 51. for each piece; R. distress, and in default, commitment three months; J. 1.

Stat. 5. Ann, c. 14, s. 2.

Persons not qualified to keep dogs, engines, &c. to destroy game, P. 51.; R. as above; A. half to the informer, half to the poor. Justices, lords of manors, and game-keepers, may take away the game, dogs, guns, &c.

Game-keeper selling, or otherwise disposing of such game, without consent of the lord of the manor, P. three months imprisonment; conviction as above. Ibid.

s. 4.

Killing game in the night, i. e. between seven in the night and six in the morning, from October 12 to February 12; and between nine at night and six in the morning, from Feb. 12 to Oct. 12; or at any time on a Sunday or Christmas Day, P. from 10l. to 201. for the first offence, and from 201. to 30%. for the second; conviction as above, to be within one month. 13 Geo. III. c. 80, s. 1, 2, 3, 9. In case of a third offence, P. commitment to the session, unless he become bound with two sureties to appear; prosecutor to be bound to prosecute (ibid. s. 1.;) application of penalties, half to the informer, half to the poor; R. distress, and in default, commitment three calendar months. Ap. sessions. Ibid. s. 4.

More than two persons going out with guns, nets, &c. to destroy game, between eight at night and six in the morning, from Oct. 1 to Feb. 1; or between ten at night and four in the morning, between Feb. 1 and Oct. 10; or any person found with fire-arms or other weapons; may be apprehended by owners, keepers, &c. who shall deliver them to a peace-officer, to be taken before a justice; or if they cannot be apprehended, the justice, on

information on oath, may issue his warrant; P. deemed a rogue and vagabond, and to suffer accordingly. 39, 40 Geo. III. c. 50.

Killing, or having in possession, any partridge, between Feb. 1 and Sept. 1, or any pheasant, between Feb. 1 and Oct. 1, P. 51. for each bird; R. action in the courts of Westminster. 2 Geo. III. c. 19.

Killing, or having in possession, any black-game, from Dec. 10 to Aug. 20, (in New Forest, from Dec. 10 to Sept. 1, by 43 Geo. III. c. 34;) or any red game, from Dec. 10 to Aug. 12; or bustard, from March 1 to Sept. 1: P. 10l. to 201. first offence, and 201. to 301. for every subsequent offence; R. distress and sale, if not forthwith paid, and the offender may be detained till the return of the distress, unless he gives security to appear again in five days; for want of distress, commitment from three to six calendar months, or till paid with costs; J. 1; W. 1; A. half to the informer, half to the poor; Ap. sessions, to be holden within four calendar months after the cause of complaint, giving fourteen days notice to the justice, and every other person concerned, and entering into recognizance, with one sufficient surety, to try the appeal, and abide the order of the court. 13 Geo. III. c. 55, s. 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10.

Every person using gun, dog, &c. to destroy the game, must take out a certificate from the clerk of the peace, for which he shall pay a duty of 31. 3s. P. 201. R. J. 1, W. 1. distress, or in default, commitment three calendar months, or till paid. A. half to the informer, half to the King. But if not prosecuted within six calendar months, the whole to the King. Ap. sessions. Justice may mitigate, not to less than half and costs. Gamekeeper to take out a certificate, for which he shall pay 17. 1s.; under the same regulations and penalties, 25 Geo. III. c. 5. 31 Geo. III. c. 21.

Killing, or attempting to kill, any deer, in any forest, chase, or park, without consent of the owner, P. 207.; and for every deer killed or carried away, 301.; and if the offender be a keeper, double. R. sessions. Conviction, J. 1, who shall transmit the conviction to the sessions. 16. Geo. III. c. 30, s. 1, 3. Justice, on oath W. 1, may issue his warrant to search for any deer-skin, head, &c. or any net, and cause the person on whose premises they are found to be brought before him, and if he does not give a satisfactory account how he came by them, P. from 10l. to 301. Ibid. s. 4. Persons through whose hands the deer, &c. have passed, not giving a good account, liable to the same penalties. Ibid.

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