(which should be in very small quantities,) with very great success. Some have used tar-water; others praise the effects of lime-water; but the greatest dependence should be placed on very sparing supplies of substantial food. The exercise ought to be regular, but never beyond a walking pace. If the symptomatic cough should prove troublesome, take away about three quarts of blood every third day.

Canker, is a sharp humour, called the thrush, which, in some instances, attacks the sole of the foot, and does inconceivable mischief: if neglected, it will in time destroy the whole foot. The appearance of this complaint is decided, it rising like a fungous excrescence, covering the diseased part, and must be completely extirpated before a cure can be expected. Cut away freely from the horny sole, and dress the surface with a solution of lunar caustic dipped in tow. Fasten on well, as much depends on pressure: if the shoe be ribbed with cross bars, all the better. Raising the opposite foot, so as to make the horse bear on the cankered one, will facilitate the remedy.

Catarrh, often called morfoundering, is usually the effect of cold, and produces the same symptoms as among the human species. Sometimes acute fever attends; in such case the greatest service will be rendered by warm diluting drinks; or eventually by mild purges, aided by bleeding. Warm clothing, and a warm mash suspended in a nose-bag, will afford great relief. The glands should be covered with flannel, moistened in a mixture of hartshorn, one part, and olive oil, four parts. Avoid whatever is heating, and be careful to keep the bowels open, the skin moist, and the bedding abundantly supplied. The stable ought not to be kept too hot, as it would render the horse tender in his lungs, and perhaps induce to broken wind. Encourage the running at the nose: if obstructed, the glanders would probably ensue.

Corns, consist of extravasated blood, or lymph, collected between the crust, or wall of the hoof, and the bars. These, in general, proceed from bad shoeing, especially from the heels being contracted, by hard labour, and improper pressure. Cut away as far as the extravasation, and apply a pledget of lint, dipped in tincture of myrrh, or in balsam of Peru. When the corn has been cut, the horse should be turned out to grass, without shoes, if practicable; or if his labour cannot be dispensed with, let a chambered

shoe be put on, so as to avoid pressing the part.

Cough, when this is symptomatic, it will disappear as the complant which it attends may be removed; but if chronic, the cure will be uncertain, difficult, and tedious. The following cheap recipe has often proved serviceable. Tar eight pounds, lime twelve pounds, water six gallons; mix them well, and give a quart every morning.

Cracks, in the heels, usually proceed from a gross habit, or from filth, or from washing the legs without rubbing them dry. Sometimes the cracks discharge a quantity of sharp ichor, which must be frequently removed, or severe excoriations may follow. Wash with strong soap-suds, lower the food, give mild purges, or diuretics, and, if the habit be full, bleed freely. Avoid all greasy applications, and allow no ligatures: wash often, and dry carefully.

Diabetes, or a profuse discharge of urine, is generally considered a fatal dismedicines, especially diuretics, which ease it is often brought on by violent should be carefully avoided in this complaint. Bad food is also a frequent cause. The surest remedy, if any can be so called, is to feed the horse with fresh blood, or with strong meat broth; avoiding vegetables, unless it be good wheaten nics and correcting medicines, as also the bread. Opium, bark, chalk, and such tovolatile liver of sulphur in small doses, will be usually found to give relief: though a perfect cure is scarcely to be expected.

Diarrhea, or looseness, often follows the injudicious use of strong medicines; and especially where astringents have been given. The complaint is somewhat critical; in which instance it should not be checked, but treated with copious diluents of a soft kind. Sometimes hard labour, in bad weather especially, with bad stabling, or bad food, will induce this complaint, which is to be treated with great caution; lest it should degenerate into dysentery, inject the anodyne clyster, and give the following drink twice daily: opium two drachms, ipecacuanha three drachms, prepared chalk four ounces, thin starch a pint: mix, and drench with it. If it does not answer the intention within four days, at farthest, give alum whey, as recommended for the dysentery. Avoid all astringents, but give no cold drink, and encourage sweat by means of good clothing. Litter well, and

allow a moderate current of air, if the stable be hot.

Dysentery, or flux, commonly called molten-grease, is a most painful and dangerous complaint. The animal is usually afflicted with tenesmus, and voids a great quantity of slimy mucus, and but little dung. This disease arises from a great variety of causes, and in some seasons is said to be epidemic.

The safest purge, in the first stage, is about a quart of castor oil. If that does not remove the fæces, give calomel four drachms, gum arabic two drachms, with honey enough to form a bolus. On all occasions ample clysters of gruel, linseed water, &c. should be frequently injected. In obstinate cases administer the following: take ten poppy-heads, boil them in six quarts of water till only a gallon be left, add starch enough to soften into a thin mucilage, throw up three or four times daily. Internally the following may answer. Opium two drachms, ipecacuanha four drachms, nux vomica, in powder, one drachm, port wine one quart. Mix, and repeat morning and evening. Let the horse be well clothed, so as to keep his skin moist; the stable should not be hot. If the dung smells offensively, the stable must be fumigated and kept extremely clean.

Farcy is easily removed in its first stage, when it consists of merely a superficial inflammation, but if suffered to proceed, it quickly taints the circulation, and often induces the glanders. It is highly infectious; in the first instance each bud or swelling should be burnt with a hot iron, or by caustic; but when the blood is infected, (which is known by the buds being ulcerated, and a discharge at the nose,) the strongest medicines must be used. Let a scruple of corrosive sublimate, levigated, be mixt with butter, or in gruel, and given in two doses; i. e. night and morning. If the bowels should be affected, the dose must be less; but if no uneasiness be produced, it may be in creased to half a drachm, or even to two scruples. If the sublimate should prove too powerful, substitute a drachm of calomel, night and morning. Green food is peculiarly serviceable. Destroy the cloth ing after a cure; or the disease will be regenerated.

Fever must always be traced to its cause, and its particular species must be ascertained, before medicine is given. If the common inflammatory symptoms are indicated by the pulse, the eyes, and the general action of the horse, bleeding, to

the extent of three or four quarts, ac cording to the size and condition, ought to be immediately practised after this, rake and throw up the following clyster: gruel, or broth, 3 quarts; common salt (or Epsom salt, if at hand) 4 ounces; brown sugar, 4 ounces, and sweet oil, or melted butter, or lard, 4 ounces; administer blood warm, in a gentle manner. Give the following twice, daily; emetic tartar, 2 drachms; nitre, 1 ounce; mix in a pint of gruel, or form into a bolus with honey. Avoid whatever is heating; let the animal be kept in a cool stable (not windy or damp) and clothe moderately. Let him have plenty of warm drink of a diluent kind; such as bran-water, hay-tea, scalded malt, or warm ale; which last ought, however, to be very mild. Leave a little very sweet hay for him to pick at; if at a proper season, green tares, or other young artificial grass, may be given in small quantities. Avoid tight girthing, and allow plenty of bedding. Sprinkle the stall occasionally with hot vinegar, and remove the dung as soon as it falls. If cold fits intervene, use warmer clothing, and let friction, with a soft brush, be persisted in, until warmth is restored. Above all things keep the body open, and avoid every thing that frightens or irritates if the horse will lay down, it will favour the cure.

When a fever is symptomatic, the cause must first be removed; in the meanwhile soothing treatment should be resorted to, and palliatives be principally used. In this we allude to diet, &c. as detailed in the foregoing paragraph. When the fever runs very high, and that bleeding cannot be attempted (either at first, or in repetition) clysters must be frequently given, and rowels may be made in the breast and thighs.

When the fever is equivocal, or when it is decidedly of a malignant species, such as the typhus, or epidemic, which in some countries is by no means rare, though uncommon with us, if the horse be in a robust state, bleed copiously; but if emaciated, or of a weak frame, avoid that evacuation. Wash the body with warm vinegar, in which aromatic herbs have been boiled; sprinkle frequently with the same; remove the dung instantly, and change the bedding twice or thrice within the day. Burn nitre every half hour, so as to occasion a thick smoke, and let a piece of touch-paper be always smothering in a corner of the stable, which ought to be very cool. Keep the body open with antiseptic

purges, and use little clothing. If a critical purging should come on, by no means check it; encourage every sore which may appear, and open rowels in various parts. This complaint being highly infectious, no other horse should be allowed to stand within the same area; in fact, horses labouring under the typhus fever should be removed to some distance from other animals, whether horses, horned cattle, &c.; the infection being very apt to reach them.

Fistula, being a complaint absolutely requiring the aid of a surgeon when in ano, perineo, &c. we refrain from stating any thing on that subject.

Fistulous withers will be found a very troublesome complaint; and under the hands of a common farrier will seldom be cured, without considerable delay, and great risk. We advise great cleanliness, and that the part should be laid open, if the situation may admit: or, at all events, that a seton should be passed through the bottom of the sore, whence the matter might be discharged. Apply light pledges of lint, just to keep the parts open; and when about to heal, which may be known by the granulations, &c. be cautious not to allow any pressure. If any of the dorsal spinous processes be tainted, exfoliation will take place encourage the efforts of nature in that respect. Keep the body open, and let the diet be soft and cooling; allow free ventilation, and approach the animal gently. Sudden starts, and motions arising from fear, often do incalculable mischief in this complaint; which may be speedily removed, when timeously and cautiously treated.

Founder, has usually been mistaken for a disease of the loins or of the chest; but where its seat is forward, the fore feet will be found injured; in the former case the hind feet: this may be easily ascertained by observing whether the horse seeks relief from bringing the hind legs forward (as he stands in the stable) to support the fore quarters, or keeps the fore legs inclined considerably back wards, to support the hinder quarters: thus endeavouring to take the weight off the tender parts. When all the feet are affected, the horse lies down, and is unwilling, or perhaps unable, to rise. This is usually a very troublesome complaint, and requires very copious bleeding, and every attention to ease and rest. The shoes ought to be taken off, and very soft litter be allowed, and frequently tossed up with the fork, to keep it

Pare

from caking. Bleeding at the toes rare ly fails of giving great relief; letting the blood flow freely. Endeavour, by all means, to prevent the collection of matter, as that always injures; indeed, after once suppuration has taken place, weakness, if not rottenness, will ensue in almost every case. Purge well, and keep the feet cool by the frequent application of salt and water, or sugar of lead in water, or sal-ammoniac and vinegar. away the crust, so as to liberate the foot from its usual constriction. When recovering, we would recommend to turn the animal out into a rich soft paddock, if the season permits; or into a soft straw yard: the former is best, on account of the diet. Allow no corn, unless where the horse is extremely weak and then scalded malt, &c. will answer best. In very bad cases, some have taken up the lateral arteries; but such seems to be a desperate course, and should never be practised where any hope remains of success from milder treatment. When reduced to that extremity, the beast can be of no value.

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Fractures and laxations, are subjects for the introduction of a surgeon; in most instances cures might be effected, provided the horse could be slung, so as to take the pressure entirely off from the limb. Iron frames, and very stiff splents, are sometimes used; but cannot always be had; neither are they applicable to every case. Nature in time will unite the bones of a simple fracture, after they have been set; but in general a callous protuberance is seen, which renders the animal less saleable; though the limb may be as serviceable as ever. We think it absurd to shoot a horse merely because he has broke a bone, which, by a little care, might be perfectly restored.

Grease is generally the effect of too rich food with little exercise; or it may be induced by bad standing, or by excess of labour; it is most frequent, and most difficult of cure, in very long limbed horses. Washing the legs without drying them is very apt to produce this disease, which is equally disposed to recur. If grease proceeds from redundancy, bleed, purge, and use gentle exercise, with moderate friction. When from weakness, or over labour, allow rest and nourishing food, giving good standing, and preserving perfect cleanli

the bowels, as does the disposition to roll on the back. Costiveness, bad food, drinking while warm, standing in the cold, especially after exercise, all cause this complaint. To cure it, rake well, throw up clysters as warm as can be borne, and in large quantities. If the pain be very acute and obstinate, bleed copiously, and give a lump of opium, about the size of a large hazel-nut. But this must be done before any symptoms of inflammation appear. Foment the bowels with hot water, applied by means of blankets dipt therein. Give this draught as soon as possible: viz. castoroil, one pint; oil of peppermint, one drachm; mix them with the yolks of two eggs; then add half a pint of water. If the bowels have not been well opened, let the following be given. Calomel, half an ounce; gum-gamboge, one drachm; Castile soap, half an ounce; made into a bolus with honey, and given at night; keeping on warm clothing, and cautiously avoiding a draught of wind.

Gutta Serena, or glass-eyes, being absolutely incurable in horses, we shall not treat of it here, but refer to that head for a description of the disease, as it affects the human eye.

Hepatitis, or inflammation of the liver, is usually induced by a morbid state of the parts secreting the bile, and may be known by a yellowness of the eyes and mouth, attended with considerable fever: in severe cases, the horse is sometimes stiff in the off shoulder. Bleed freely, and blister the sides, applying numerous rowels underneath. Rake, and clyster; then purge well, by giving the following bolus, night and morning, till it operates freely. Calomel, half a drachm; aloes, one drachm and a half; Castile soap, two drachms; mix with honey.

Hydrophobia is incurable; however, if a large piece be taken out as soon as the horse has been bitten, or a fire-brand be

quickly applied so as to burn a deep hole, or that lunar caustic be used, the animal may be saved; but such cannot be done in every part. Purge well, and administer mercurial preparations, so as to affect the system farcibly for a few days; gradually abating for a month, or more; if rapid symptoms appear, the horse should be instantly destroyed.

Jaundice may exist with or without any obvious inflammation of the liver; but should, for the sake of safety to the animal, always be considered as connected with hepatitis (which see.) If the

symptoms be not urgent, the bleeding may be omitted; but purge well.

Inflammation, in whatever part, is ge nerally the index to blood letting, either by opening a vein, by cupping, or by some other means. But local inflammations which seem to be critical, and push forward to suppuration, should rather be encouraged than resolved, unless they settle upon some part endangering the life. When the brain is enflamed, the lancet must be freely used, as must the blistering ointment and purges, together with whatever may tend to lessen the complaint in that part. The eye must, when in a state of irritation, be kept cool, and the habit lowered. Mild solutions of white vitriol, added to a few drops of extract of saturn, should be applied, in the form of poultice, cold, and frequently. When the stomach is inflamed, the horse should lose blood, and be clystered occasionally with soft cooling liquids. In case of inflamed bladder, diuretics should be avoided; clysters should be occasionally administered, and mucilaginous, soothing drink be liberally given; such as decoction of mallows, gum-arabic, linseed-tea, barley-water, &c. with regard to an inflammation of the liver, we refer to hepatitis in this ar ticle. When the kidneys are inflamed, the treatment should be as in diseases of the bladder; observing, that the animal ought to be kept very low, after ample evacuations, both by bleeding and gentle purges; and that diuretics are highly prejudicial.

Lampes, is a swelling of the bars in the roof of the mouth, chiefly in young horses. But as, in such, the bars are always large, and appear to be swelled, be cautious in ascertaining that they really are so. When such is the case, by no means burn with a hot iron, as farriers too often do, but rub with alum and honey; if they do not subside, you may scarify the part very slightly with a sharp instrument, guarded with tow, &c. near its point, so that you cannot, in case of accident, do injury by making too deep a wound.

Lethargy, is often very slow in its ap proach, but sometimes equally rapid; in the latter instance rather tending towards epilepsy. It is occasioned in either case by two great a determination of blood towards the head. Bleed freely, unless when the debility is great; open the body by active purges, rake, and clyster, and endeavour to excite perspiration. Give the following: nitre, three drachms; resin, three drachms; cream of tartar,

three drachms; all finely powdered, and mixed with honey into a bolus: repeat every morning, until the discharge of urine is abundant.

Mallenders, and sellenders, are scurfy eruptions about the knee, discharging a sharp ichor: they bear the first designation when within the front bending of the hock, the latter when they appear at the back of it. Wash with soap-suds, and apply the following: white vitriol, half a drachm; sugar of lead, half a drachm; tar one ounce; mix, and rub in gently.

Mange, commonly arises from filth, or from poorness of condition, and is extremely infectious. Wash well with soapsuds, and apply the following: common brimstone, levigated, eight ounces; of alum and white vitriol each five drachms; horse turpentine, three ounces; lard, half a pound; mix, and rub frequently.

Pole evil, arises chiefly from friction of the collar at the back of the ears, or other such causes it often forms a tumour, which must be brought forward, unless by blistering, &c. the fluid can be removed. Take care to open below the abscess, else there will be danger of sinuses. The sore is often extremely difficult to heal, and requires much patience: it will, however, generally yield to cleanliness, and due discharge downwards, by means of a seton smeared with mild blistering ointment: this ought to be kept in until the cavity is grown up, and in a manner grasps the seton.

Quittors, commonly are produced by the lodgment of filth about the coronet and surrounding parts: they should never be burnt, as is often practised by common farriers; but be kept very clean, and dressed twice daily with dijective ointment. If carbuncles, or proud flesh, should arise, take them down by means of lunar caustic. These sores are usually very tedious; but should not be hurried, as they are apt to break out afresh, or to run among the bones of the foot, when prematurely dried. Wash frequently with soap-suds, and put pledgets of lint, steeped in spirits of turpentine, until the sores appear clean and healthy.

Ring bone, is an exostosis, which partly surrounds the coronet: this, together with aplents, curbs, bone-spavins, &c. may sometimes be cured by early attention; but when suffered to stand long, cannot be removed except by absolute force, such as sawing or chisseling them off. A strong preparation of corrosve sublimate, added to Spanish flies and Venice turpentine, and mixed with hog's lard, VOL. V.

will often dissolve a ring bone, &c.; but much time is generally required to complete a cure.

Stag-evil, is properly the tetarsus, or locked jaw. This is often caused by sudden changes from heat to cold: generally speaking, the cure is very uncertain; but it will chiefly depend on opium, the warm bath, and other antispasmodics. Sometimes the sudden application of cold water in great quantities has been serviceable: friction of turpentine oil or spirits generally proves useful, as does a clyster made with 2 oz. of spirit of hartshorn, 4 oz. of oil of turpentine, and the yolks of three or four eggs; mixed with a quart of strong ale and gin. It is a great object to promote urine, sweat, &c.

Staggers, or phrenzy, is supposed to be a variety of the sleepy staggers, vertigo, or lethargy; only that in this instance the pressure on the brain is extreme, and the animal rendered outrageous. The causes are various; but for the most part this distemper arises from the critical termination of some other inflammatory dis

ease.

Sometimes it proceeds from a sunstroke, and has been known to arise from the vicinity of putrid matter: being suddenly changed from poor food to rich nourishing diet is a very frequent cause. To effect a cure, the horse should be bled copiously, from three to four quarts every eight hours, until the symptoms abate. Blister the head and neck with Spanish flies mixed in spirits of turpentine, rake well, and administer a strong clyster, so as to excite considerable discharge of excrement. Let the stables be very cool and be sprinkled with hot vinegar. If possible to get a bolus down, let the following be given: calomel two drachms, aloes six drachms, Castile soap two drachms, mixed with honey. Allow very little drink. In desperate cases sling the horse, and throw cold water over his head and neck.

Stones in the bladder have been removed by cutting, the same as is practised when they form in the human bladder; but this is a very uncertain operation with cattle. When in the kidnies, stones may sometimes be brought down by strong diuretics; but when so situat ed, the animal generally lingers a long time, and dies in great agony, perfectly emaciated. Horses also have stones occasionally in the intestines, generally in the cœcum, or blind gut. These induce frequent colics, and as they grow occa sion much pain: unfortunately we know not of any means for their expulsion, or Q