12. In fractional districts to make an annual report to the clerk of the township in which the school house is situated, and also to report to the clerk of each township in which the district is in part situated, the number of children between the ages of five and twenty years living in that part of the district lying in such township (4686 to 4689).

13. To perform such other duties as may be required of the director by law or by the district board.

Moderator.

It is the duty of the moderator of each school district: 1. To preside, when present, at all meetings of the district and of the board.

2. To countersign all orders legally drawn by the director upon the assessor for moneys to be disbursed by the district, and all warrants of the director upon the township treasurer for moneys raised for district purposes, or apportioned to the district by the township clerk.

3. To cause an action to be prosecuted in the name of the district on the assessor's bond, in case of any breach of any condition thereof.

4. To perform such other duties as may be required of the moderator by law (4685).

Assessor.

It is the duty of the assessor of each school district:

1. To execute to the district and file with the director, within ten days after his election or appointment, a bond in double the amount of money to come into his hands as such assessor during his term of office, as near as the same can be ascertained, with two sufficient sureties, to be approved by the moderator and director, conditioned for the faithful application of all moneys that shall come into his hands by virtue of his office, and to perform all the duties of his said

BOND.

office as required by the provisions of this act. Said bond shall be filed with the director, and in case of any breach of the conditions thereof, the moderator shall cause a suit to be commenced thereon in the name of the district, and any moneys collected thereon shall be paid into the township treasury, subject to the order of the district officers, and shall be applied to the same purposes as the moneys lost should have been applied by the

assessor.

2. To pay all orders of the director, when lawfully drawn and countersigned by the moderator, out of any moneys in his hands belonging to the fund upon which such orders may be drawn.

3. To keep a book in which all the moneys received and disbursed shall be entered, the sources from which the same have been received, and the persons to whom and the objects for which the same have been paid.

4. To present to the district board at the close of the school year a report in writing, containing a statement of all moneys received during the preceding year and of each item of disbursements made, and exhibit the voucher therefor.

5. To appear for and on behalf of the district in all suits brought by or against the same, when no other directions shall be given by the qualified voters in district meeting, except in suits in which he is interested adversely to the district; and in all such cases the moderator shall appear for such district, if no other direction be given as aforesaid.

6. At the close of his term of office to settle with the district board, and deliver to his successor in office all books, vouchers, orders, documents, and papers belonging to the office of assessor, together with all district moneys remaining on hand.

7. To perform such other duties as may be required of the assessor by law (4691).

CHAPTER VI.

TEACHERS.

Legal Qualifications.

No contract with any person not holding a legal certificate of qualification authorizing him to teach, is valid; and all contracts with a person holding a legal certificate terminate, if the certificate expire by limitation and is not immediately renewed (4678). All persons who expect to teach must procure the necessary certificate from some duly constituted authority. There are several ways by which teachers may receive certificates. We first mention those granted by the county board.

AMINATIONS.

COUNTY CERTIFICATES.

The regular examinations of teachers in all counties of the state are held at the county seats on the REGULAR EX- last Thursday and Friday of March, and the third Thursday and Friday of August in each year. In nearly all of the counties are held two other regular public examinations on the third Thursdays and Fridays of June and October in each year (4811).

Examiners in counties containing more than one hundred

INATIONS.

fifty school districts, may hold one other public EXTRA EXAM- examination for each twenty-five districts in the county. By this plan the counties of Kent and Oakland are entitled to three extra examinations; the counties of Allegan and Lenawee to two; and the counties of Berrien, Genesee, Hillsdale, Jackson, Saginaw, St. Clair, Van Buren, Washtenaw and Wayne to one. The dates for such extra examinations are fixed on the third Fridays of February, April and September (4811).

Three grades of county certificates are granted, as follows: First grades are granted from the examinations of March and August and are valid for four years. The examination is in algebra, botany, geometry,

FIRST GRADE

CERTIFICATE. general history, physics, arithmetic, grammar. United States history, civil government, geography, reading, penmanship, orthography, school law, theory and art of teaching, physiology and hygiene with reference to the effects on the human system of alcoholic drinks, stimulants, and narcotics.

All county certificates must be signed by the commissioner and at least one examiner (4812).

Without the indorsement of the superintendent of public instruction, first grade certificates are valid only in counties where granted.

INDORSE-
MENT.

CERTIFICATE.

To secure this indorsement the papers written by successful applicants must be forwarded by commission ers within ten days to said superintendent for examination and approval. If he approves and signs the certificate, it becomes valid throughout the state. Second grades are granted from the four regular examinations and are valid throughout the county where SECOND GRADE granted for three years. Candidates may select any two of the four studies-algebra, botany, general history, and physics—and are required to write on all the other branches excepting geometry. Third grades are granted from any public examination and are valid throughout the county where THIRD GRADE granted for one year. The branches required CERTIFICATE. in an examination for a third grade certificate are all those, excepting the first five mentioned, in the first grade list.

For the

CLASSES
A AND B.

purpose of limiting the number of third grade certificates which may be granted to a person in the public schools, third grade certificates are divided into two classes known as A and B.

Certificates of class A are granted to teachers of three years experience in primary department (first four grades) of graded schools. Certificates of this class license the holder to teach only in primary departments. The number which may be granted to a person is not limited. Certificates of class B are the regular third grade certificates and license the holder to teach in any school of the county; but no more than three certificates of this class can legally be granted to the same person (4813). The purpose of this law is to require teachers to progress and secure higher grades of certificate. The questions for these two classes of third grade certificates vary somewhat to correspond with the kind of work required of the teachers.

All questions for county examinations are prepared by the superintendent of public instruction and EXAMINATION furnished to the commissioner under seal, to be

QUESTIONS. opened in the presence of the candidates for

certificates.

The standard of examinations to be followed is left entirely to the discretion of the examining board, so that STANDARD OF the success or failure of applicants depends more EXAMINATION. on the closeness or liberality of the marking than upon the character of the questions furnished.

SPECIAL
CERTIFICATES.

Besides the certificates mentioned, the county commissioners has power, upon personal examination satifactory to himself or herself, to grant certificates which shall license the holder thereof to teach in a specified district for which it is granted; but such certificate does not continue in force beyond the time of the next public examination, and in no case can a second special certificate be granted to the same person, and it does not in any way exempt the teacher from a full examination (4813). The object of a special certificate is to bridge over the time between the commencement of a school term and the next meeting of the examining board (71 Mich. 361). (94 Mich. 170.)