Heating, Cooling, Lighting: Design Methods for ArchitectsUsing a qualitative rather than a quantitative approach, presents detailed information based on concepts, rules, guidelines, intuition, and experience for architects in the areas of heating, cooling, and lighting at the schematic design stage. The data explored supports a three-tiered approach--load avoidance, using natural energy sources, and mechanical equipment. Among the topics covered are shading, thermal envelope, passive heating and cooling, electric lighting, and HVAC. Case studies illustrate how certain buildings use techniques at all three tiers for heating, cooling, and lighting. An appendix lists some of the more appropriate computer programs available to the architect for analysis at the schematic design stage. |
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Page 254
... FOOTCANDLES 2 ' SPECULAR ( MIRROR ) 2 ' REFLECTION NORMAL MIXED REFLECTION FIGURE 10.2f Illumination ( footcandles ) is the amount of light ( lumens ) falling on 1 square foot . Illumination can be measured with a photometer ( light ...
... FOOTCANDLES 2 ' SPECULAR ( MIRROR ) 2 ' REFLECTION NORMAL MIXED REFLECTION FIGURE 10.2f Illumination ( footcandles ) is the amount of light ( lumens ) falling on 1 square foot . Illumination can be measured with a photometer ( light ...
Page 264
... footcandle scale ( e.g. 3 times larger ) . As the light level in- creases to about 30 footcandles , there is a corresponding improvement in vi- sual performance . Above 30 footcan- dles , however , the law of diminishing returns begins ...
... footcandle scale ( e.g. 3 times larger ) . As the light level in- creases to about 30 footcandles , there is a corresponding improvement in vi- sual performance . Above 30 footcan- dles , however , the law of diminishing returns begins ...
Page 270
... footcandles . That means that the quality of the actual system is so poor that 200 out of 250 footcandles are noneffective . Therefore , the ESI footcandles can tell use how effective the " raw " footcandles are . Equivalent spherical ...
... footcandles . That means that the quality of the actual system is so poor that 200 out of 250 footcandles are noneffective . Therefore , the ESI footcandles can tell use how effective the " raw " footcandles are . Equivalent spherical ...
Common terms and phrases
active solar AIR CONDITIONING air flow air spaces angle Architect atrium block building ceiling Chapter clerestory coil cold collector color convection Courtesy create daylight diffuse direct gain direct glare direct sunlight ducts Earth Sheltered effect efficiency electric ergy evaporative cooling fans FIGURE floor footcandles ft² glass glazing heat gain heat loss heat pump heat sink illumination indoor insulation interior JUNE JULY AUG lamps latitude Le Corbusier Light shelf light source louvers movable natural ventilation night outdoor air overheated period passive solar R-value reduce reflectors refrigeration roof shade line shading devices shown in Fig skylights slope solar access solar energy solar heating solar radiation stack effect strategies summer sun machine sun path sunspace supply surface Table temperature thermal comfort thermal mass thermal storage wall tion trees unit veiling reflections vent visual winter sun