from whom they could no longer be distinguished merely by the physiognomy. If we bear in mind that these wanderers, unsocial through fanaticism, regarded a mixture of their blood with foreigners as an abomination and sacrilege, we cannot deny that it is climate which has blackened these expatriated Hebrews." (Ibid. p. 186.)

The Shegya Arabs, says Waddington,

"Are black,-a clear, glossy, jet black, which appeared to my then unprejudiced eyes to be the finest colour that could be selected for a human being. They are distinguished in every respect from the Negroes by the brightness of their colour; by their hair and the regularity of their features; by the mild and dewy lustre of their eyes; and by the softness of their touch, in which last respect they yield not to Europeans."*

"It is remarkable to observe, says Bishop Heber, how surely all these classes of men, (Persians, Greeks, Tartars, Turks and Arabs,) in a few generations, even without any intermarriage with the Hindoos, assume the deep olive tint, little less dark than the Negro, which seems natural to the climate. The Portuguese natives form unions among themselves alone, or, if they can, with Europeans; yet the Portuguese have, during a 300 years residence in India, become as black as Caffres."-Wiseman, p. 139. The same writer, "describing his arrival in Calcutta, says, the great difference in colour between different natives, struck me much. Of the crowd by whom we were surrounded, some were black as Negroes, others merely copper-coloured, and others little darker than the Tunisians whom I have seen at Liverpool. Mr. Mill tells me that he cannot account for this difference, which is general throughout the country and every where striking. It is not merely the difference of exposure, since th s variety of tint is visible in the fishermen, who are all naked alike. Nor does it depend on caste, since very high caste Brahmins are sometimes black, while Pariahs are comparatively white." Ibid, p. 135.

He also speaks of Malays of beautiful features, noble look and perfectly black. The following case is stated by Buckingham, of a family beyond the Jordan:

"The family residing here in charge of the sanctuary, were remarkable for having, with the exception of the father only, Negro features, a deep black color, and crisped hair. My own opinion was, that this must have been occasioned by their being born of a negress mother, as such persons are sometimes found among the Arabs in the relation of wives or concubines; but while I could entertain no doubt, from my own observation, that the present head of the family was a pure Arab of unmixed blood, I was also assured, that both the males and females of the present and former generations were all

American Biblical Repository, second series, Vol. X., p. 46, from an article entitled "The Mosaic Account of the Unity of the Human Race, confirmed by the Natural History of the American Aborigines, by Samuel Forrey, M. D., New-York."

pure Arabs by descent and marriage, and that a negress had never been known, either as a wife or slave, in the history of the family. It is certainly a very marked peculiarity of the Arabs that inhabit the valley of the Jordan, that they have flatter features, darker skins and coarser hair, than any other tribes; a peculiarity rather attributable, I conceive, to the constant and intense heat of that region, than to any other cause." Wiseman, p. 121.

There are various tribes in Africa differing as much in color from the jet-black Negro, as the latter does from some of the varieties of the Caucasian race. We have ourselves seen a person of the humbler class, born in Spain, probably with a taint of Moorish blood, who was as dark as some natives we have seen from Central Africa. The Foulahs along the Senegal and Gambia, are of a tawny complexion, lighter and yellower in some states than in others, with soft silky hair, and without the flat nose and thick lips of the Negro. The Berbers of Nubia are nearly as black as the Negro, but have very different features, and are deemed of handsome person. Eastern Africa is generally occupied by brown and black nations, which resemble the Negroes in nothing but color. Between Fezzan and Central Africa are the Tibboos and Tuaricks; the former nearly as black as the Negro, but of different and smaller features, with longer and less curled hair. The Tuaricks are not dark colored, except when tanned by the sun, and Capt. Lyon thought them the finest race he ever saw. Dr. Morton supposes that they collaterally represent the ancient Egyptians. The Caffres are of a brown color, and of the finest symmetry. The skin of the Hottentot is of a yellowish brown, though he is generally covered with a black cake of well smoked grease. Barrow says that many of them are, "nearly as white as Europeans."* These varions shades of color in the inhabitants of Africa have an important bearing upon our author's argument, take them which way we will. For, first, we see that others beside the Negro can live in tropical Africa; second, that a race different from the Negro inhabits that region, being quite black, but of such distinct features and hair, as to indicate a derivation from another stock; and, third, if it should be pretended that they all belong to the proper Negro family, then there will be admitted a sufficient variation of color, form, and feature, within the limits of one race, to account for all the varieties of mankind.

Barrow's Travels in South Africa.

Similar facts are observable in the Oceanic, or Papuan tribes, which include a great variety of population, but which are supposed, from affinity of dialects and correspondence of physical characters, to belong mostly, if not entirely, to one race. Those of the Low. Islands are thought, by Hassel, to belong to the Malay race, and to resemble the Society Islanders. Capt. Beechy thinks they belong to the Papuans. Here then we perceive, as in other cases, a transition state uniting these two families which will justify their being united in one, as by Cuvier, Morton, and others. Besides, it is now well ascertained that the Malays came from the Islands to the Continent about the twelfth century. The Sandwich Islanders are dark brown. The Tahitians are lighter. In the Mendana Islands the natives are very little darker than Europeans, and very finely formed. It is said they would not suffer in comparison with the finest models of ancient sculpture. The natives of the Friendly Islands are dark brown, muscular, and many of them well formed and handsome. Those of the Fejees are much darker, and approach more to the Negro type, though they are not Negroes. Those of the Navigators' Islands are of gigantic form, and nearly white. Those of the Marquesas have a fair skin, hair of varying shades, and a form said to be the finest in the world.

A similar comparison might be instituted upon the other races of men, but we shall content ourselves with the simple statement made by Dr. Morton in regard to our Aborigines, in which he is fully corroborated by others, viz. that remarkable varieties of complexion are found among them, "from a decided white to an unequivocally black skin." Dr. N. has quoted this observation, and, with Dr. Morton, argues that these diversities cannot be the effect of climate. We readily grant that climate alone cannot account for them, but he has based his argument all along upon the position that no physical causes could produce them, while in this instance he specifies but a single cause. We consider the facts of this case to be equivalent to a demonstration of actual change "from decided white to unequivocal black," for there is here little probability in the supposition of a mixture of races. We can therefore solve the problem in regard to varieties of color among the races of men. The change is possible, and results from natural causes, although we may not know their number, their due combination, or

the conditions of the system and habit in man, prerequisite to their effect. It will not suffice, therefore, to adduce cases where whites have been long exposed, even for many generations, to climates where such changes have been consummated, without an essential alteration of complexion.

"Much of this, or all," says Wiseman, "may be true, but what does it prove, when placed by the side of facts I have quoted? Why, only that the operation of causes is yet unknown to us; that we cannot discover the law by which nature acts; that there are two series of facts, each true, but neither confuting the other. I wish only to show that the observation of modern philosophers tends to demonstrate that such a change may have [and has] taken place, not that it must take place. One instance is sufficient to prove the first assertion, whereas it might require some thousands to demonstrate the second." (Lectures, p. 139.)

Change of Form. This subject is partly elucidated under the preceding head, especially in the case mentioned by Buckingham. The following case of the effect of climate upon the hair, is derived from Mr. St. John's Travels.

"My own beard, which in Europe was soft, silky, and almost straight, began immediately after my arrival at Alexandria, to curl, to grow crisp, strong and coarse; and before I reached Essouan resembled hare hair to the touch, and was all disposed in ringlets about the chin. This is no doubt to be accounted for by the extreme dryness of the air."

Bruce or Buckhardt, we think, mentions the same effect on his own hair.

"Capt. Tuckey, speaking of the natives of Congo, says that they 'are evidently a mixed nation, having no national physiognomy, and many of them perfectly south European in their features. This, one would naturally conjecture, arises from the Portuguese having intermarried with them, and yet there are very few mulattoes among them.' This observation completely overthrows that conjecture, even if admissible on other grounds; for an entire nation's physiognomy could never have been entirely changed by a few settlers. In the general observations on Capt. Tuckey's voyage, collected from the scientific men and officers who accompanied him, we are informed that 'their features, though nearest to those of the Negro tribe, are neither so strongly marked nor so black as the Africans in general." Wiseman, p. 136.

Long, in his History of Jamaica, and Edwards, in his History of the West Indies, have both remarked, that

"The skulls of the white settlers in those countries differ sensibly in shape from those of Europe, and approach to the original American configuration." Ib. 140.

According to Burckhardt, the wandering Arabs of the Hauran,

"Ever exposed to hardships and the fatigues of a roaming active life, are slightly shaped, and have a small face and thin beard. The sedentary Arabs are stout and large, have a strong beard, but want the keen looks of their brethren of the desert. Yet there can be no question but that these two classes are in reality only one nation, speaking the same language, and inhabiting the same climate. What then causes the difference between them? No doubt their different modes of life, for till the age of sixteen no difference can be perceived between them." Ib. 141.

"The Selluks of Haha," says Jackson,

"Are physiognomically distinguished from the Arabs of the plains, and even from the Selluks of Susa, though in their language, manners, and mode of living, they resemble the latter." Ib. 141.

In some of the Polynesian Islands, the higher ranks are so much taller and handsomer than the rest of the people, as to appear of a different race. Volney says the same of the Bedouins.

The Caffres, though having woolly hair, have the forehead, and prominent nose of Europeans. The same is true of the Jaloffs, who have fine features and thin lips. Many of the tribes on the west side of the continent have the skull less compressed than in the true Negro type, and the forehead elevated. On the eastern coast, they have the skull compressed, and the forehead depressed. In Van Dieman's Land, we find tribes with the forehead compressed and de pressed, nose much widened, and with woolly hair. In the interior of New Guinea and New Holland, we find tribes of similar features and black skin, thus far corresponding with the Negro, but with their hair smooth and black. On the coast of the two latter, the natives have a high forehead, nose a little flattened, and the face tolerably regular, and are probably a different race. The Hottentots have the nose immoderately large, and the top of the head flattened. The Bosjemans are doubtless of the same original stock, but have a singular hump on the loins. This appendage being peculiar to them, must be the effect of some natural cause, to whatever race the Bosjemans are referred. The following description of the Hottentots is from Mr. Barrow's work on South Africa.

"The person of a Hottentot, while young, is by no means devoid of symmetry. They are clean-limbed, well-proportioned, and erect.