Oneida,

21

33,792

50,997

Utica.

Oswego,

12

12,374

Oswego.

Madison,

12

Cazenovia.

Chenango,

17

21,704

31,215

Norwich.

Onondaga,

12

25.987

41,467

Onondaga.

Courtland,

10

8,868

16,507

Homer.

Broome,

6

8,130

14,343

Binghampton.

Cayuga,

10

29,843

38,897

Auburn.

Seneca,

7

16,609

23,619

Ovid.

Tompkins,

5

20,681

Ithaca.

Tioga,

9

Ontario,

88,267

Spencer.
Canandaigua.

Steuben,

14

7,246

21,989

Bath.

Genesee,

33

12,588

58,098

Batavia.

Alleghany,

9

1,942

9,330

Angelica.

Niagara,

22,990

Buffaloe.

Cattaraugus, 5

4,090

Olean.

Chatauque,

8

12,568

Chatauque.

Face of the Country.] The southeastern angle of the state is mountainous, being traversed by several ridges from New-Jersey. The country near lake Champlain is hilly, and becomes mountainous as you approach the height of land which divides the waters flowing into this lake from those flowing into the St. Lawrence. West of this height of land, a fine country, at first hilly, then level and fertile, extends to the St. Lawrence and lake Ontario. The western part of the state is principally level, except near the Pennsylvania boundary, where it becomes hilly and mountainFrom Genessee river, near its mouth, to Lewiston on the Niagara river, there is a remarkable ridge running in a direction from east to west almost the whole distance, which is 78 miles. Its general height above the neighboring land is 30 feet; its width varies considerably, and in some places is not more than 40 yards. Its elevation above the level of lake Ontario is perhaps 160 feet, to which it descends by a gradual slope, and its distance from that water is between 6 and 10 miles. every reason to believe that this remarkable ridge was once the margin of lake Ontario. About 20 miles south of this ridge, and parallel with it, there is another, which runs from Genesee river to Black rock on Niagara river. The country between the two ridges is called the Tonnewanta valley, and there is some reason to believe that it was once covered with the waters of lake Erie.

There is

Mountains.] The mountains of New-York are sometimes considered as a continuation of the great Alleghany or Appalachian ranges. Several ridges come from Pennsylvania and NewJe-r

sey, and proceeding in a N. E. direction, cross Hudson river between 40 and 60 miles from its mouth, and then passing through Dutchess, Columbia and Rensselaer counties, join the Taghkannuc range on the western border of Massachusetts. At the place where they cross Hudson river they are about 16 miles in width, and are called the Highlands. Several of the summits are here from 1,200 to 1,500 feet high, but there is no obstruction to the navigation of the river.

From the Highlands a range proceeds in a northerly direction along the west bank of the Hudson, through the county of Ulster, into Green county, where it is known under the name of the Catskill mountains. These mountains are the highest land in the state. Roundtop, the highest summit, according to the measurement of Capt. Partridge, is 3,804 feet above the level of the sea. High peak, the next highest, is 3,718 feet above the sea. summits are about 20 miles west of the city of Hudson. From the Catskill mountains a ridge of hills proceeds in a N. W. direction across Mohawk river, where it forms the Little Falls; after which it continues its progress, diminishing in altitude, till it crosses the St. Lawrence into Canada.

These

The mountains in the northern part of the state, which lie around the sources of the Hudson, and form the height of land between the waters of lake Champlain and the St. Lawrence, are called the Peruvian mountains. The highest part of the range is in Essex county; Whiteface, in the town of Jay, commands a view of Montreal, 80 miles distant, and is supposed to be 3,000 feet above the level of the sea.

Lakes. Lakes Erie, Ontario, and Champlain lie partly in this state. Lake George is a beautiful lake, 36 miles long and about 2 broad, between Washington and Warren counties. It lies south

of lake Champlain, and communicates with it by an outlet 3 miles long, in which distance the water descends nearly 100 feet. The lake is surrounded by high mountains, and is much celebrated for the romantic beauty of its scenery. The water is deep, remark. ably transparent, and abounds with the finest fish. Lake George was for a long time conspicuous in the wars of this country, and several memorable battles were fought on its borders.

Oneida lake, which lies chiefly in the county of Oneida, is 20 miles long, and on an average 3 broad. It receives Wood creek at its east end, and discharges itself through Oswego river into lake Ontario. There is a chain of smal lakes lying south of Seneca river and communicating with it. The following are their names, beginning in the east; 1. Onondaga or Salt lake, in the county of the same name, is only 6 miles long and 14 broad; but on its borders are the celebrated salt springs, the largest and strongest in America. It discharges itself at its northern extremity into Seneca river. 2. Skeneateles, 15 miles long, also discharges its waters into Seneca river, through an outlet 10 miles long. 3. Owasco lake, in Cayuga county, is 11 miles long and communicates through Owasco creek with Seneca river. 4. Cayuga Jake, lying between Cayuga and Seneca counties, 40 miles lon

It receives the waters of Seneca lake through Seneca river, which enters it at its northern extremity, and soon after issues from it again, forming the outlet of its waters. 5. Seneca lake lies west of Cayuga lake, and nearly parallel with it, at the distance of from 6 to 15 miles. It is 35 miles long and from 2 to 4 broad. It receives the waters of Crooked lake from the west, and discharges itself at its northern extremity through Seneca river into Cayuga Jake. 6. Crooked lake is about 18 miles long, and communicates through an outlet at its N. E. extremity with Seneca lake. 7 Canandaigua lake is a beautiful collection of water about 14 miles long and on an average one broad. It communicates with Seneca river through Canandaigua river, which issues from the northern extremity of the lake.

Rivers.] Delaware river forms part of the boundary between this state and Pennsylvania. Niagara river connects lake Erie with lake Ontario, and forms part of the western boundary. The St. Lawrence separates New-York from Upper Canada. East river is the name given to a short strait, which connects Long-Island sound with New-York harbor.

Hudson river, the great river of this state, and one of the best for navigation in America, rises in the mountainous region between lake Champlain and the St. Lawrence, and pursuing a southerly course of more than 300 miles, falls into the Atlantic below New-York city. It is navigable for ships to Hudson; for large sloops to Albany, 160 miles from New-York; and for small sloops to Troy, at the head of the tide, 6 miles further. The passage of this river through the Highlands without any impediment to its navigation is a singular fact in Geography. The Highlands are about 16 miles wide, and are celebrated for their romantic scenery.

The Mohawk, the great western branch of the Hudson, rises in Oneida county, and running south of east, passes by Rome, Utica and Schenectady, and discharges itself into the Hudson through several mouths, between Troy and Waterford, after a course of about 135 miles. The navigation of the river is interrupted by numerous rapids and falls, the principal of which is the Cahoes, two miles from its mouth. The river, which is here between 300 and 400 yards broad, descends, at high water, in one sheet, to the depth of 70 feet. About three fourths of a mile below, a bridge has been thrown across the Mohawk, from which the view of the falls is inexpressibly grand.

The principal river which falls into lake Champlain is the Saranac, which discharges itself at Plattsburg, alter a northeasterly course of about 65 miles.

The principal rivers which fall into the St. Lawrence from this state are, the St. Regis, Grass and Racket rivers, all of which discharge themselves near the village of St. Regis, on the northeru boundary of the state; and the Oswegatchie, which empties itself at Ogdensburg after a course of 120 miles.

The following are the principal rivers which fall into lake Ontario. 1. Black river rises in the high lands northeast of Rome,

and after a northerly course discharges itself into Hungry bay near Sacket's harbor. 2. Oswego river forms the outlet of Oneida lake, and is 42 miles long. Its principal tributary is Seneca river, which issues from the north end of Seneca lake, and running east enters Cayuga lake, but almost immediately leaves it again, and after receiving the waters of Canandaigua, Owasco, Skeneateles and Onondaga lakes, discharges itself into the Oswego at Three river point, 24 miles from lake Ontario. 3. Genesee river rises in Pennsylvania, and running in a northerly direction across the western part of this state, discharges itself into lake Ontario. At Rochester, a few miles from its mouth, there are two falls, one of 96 and the other of 75 feet. About 70 miles above Rochester there are two other falls, only a mile apart, one of which is 60 and the other 90 feet.

Tonnewanta creek rises in Genesee county, and after a westerly course of 90 miles through the Tonnewanta valley, discharges itself into Niagara river about 12 miles from lake Erie. It is a deep sluggish stream, boatable 30 miles.-The Susquehannah rises in Otsego lake, in the county of the same name, and runs in a Southwesterly direction into Pennsylvania. Its principal tributaries from this state are, the Chenango, which rises in Madison county, and flowing south through the counties of Chenango and Broome, joins the Susquehannah 18 miles east of Oswego, after a course of 90 miles; and the Tioga, which rises in Pennsylvania, and running N. E. into this state receives the Conhocton at Painted post, and then turning to the S. E. re-enters Pennsylvania, and meets the Susquehannah at Tioga point, & miles from the boun dary line.

Niagara Falls.] The falls in Niagara river are one of the grandest curiosities on the globe. The river flows from south to north, and is 35 miles long. At its efflux from lake Erie it is three quarters of a mile wide, from 40 to 60 feet deep, and flows with a current of 7 miles an hour. As it proceeds, the river widens, and embosoms several considerable islands, particularly Grand and Navy islands, which terminate in beautiful points a mile and a half above the falls. A little below the termination of these istands, commence the rapids, which extend a mile, to the precipice, in which space the river descends 57 feet. At the precipice it is three fourths of a mile wide. Here Goat island divides the river into two channels; and the channel between Goat island and the eastern or United States' short, is also divided by a small island. Over the precipice the river fails perpendicularly about 160 feet. Much the greater part of the water passes in the channel between Goat island and the Canada shore, and this fall is called from its shape the Horse-shoe fall. Between Goat island and the sinall island in the eastern channel, the stream is only 2 or 10 yards wide, forming a beautiful cascade. Between this small island and the United States' shore the sheet of water is broad, and the descent is greater by a few feet than at the Horse-shoe fall, but the stream is comparatively shallow.

The falls are seen to advantage from different positions. The best single view is that from the Table rock on the Canada side