Thirty-eighth Week—Second Day.

MEPHIBOSHETH.-2 SAMUEL IX.

KNOWING, as we do know, that Jonathan had left a son, it is not without some misgiving that we have beheld him so long neglected by David, who owed so much to his father. We remember the brotherly covenant, and begin to be fearful that David has forgotten it. It has, however, been perhaps too hastily assumed that the king was aware of the existence of Jonathan's son. The probability seems to us to be that he did not know it.

Let us look into this matter somewhat more closely.

Mephibosheth was a child, five years of age, at the time of his father's death. At that time, it was at least six years since David had fled the court of Saul. At the birth of this son he was wandering about in the wilderness, and was not in the way of receiving information; and at any considerably later period, when the fact was no longer new, and was not brought under notice by any public transactions, no one would think of reporting to David the circumstance, but would suppose that it was already known to him.

When the intelligence came to Gibeah that the Philistines were victorious, and that Saul and Jonathan were slain, the nurse, supposing that the Philistines were close at hand, and that all belonging to Saul would be sought for and rooted out, hastened to flee with the young child, and as his speed was not equal to her fears, she seems to have carried him in her arms. In her extreme haste she either let him fall, or stumbled and fell with him, by which his feet were so badly injured, that he remained lame for life. He was taken for safety beyond the Jordan, and was brought up in the house of the generous and wealthy Machir, the son of Ammiel, at Lo-debar, in Gilead. There he remained, probably in such obscurity as left few aware of his existence; for it could not have consisted with the policy of Ishbosheth or Abner to bring him conspicuously into

notice, and David could have had little opportunity of becoming acquainted with a fact, shrouded from view in a quarter so remote, and in the dominions of his rival. Besides, if David had ever heard of his existence, it had been by his rightful name of Merib-baal, and he would hardly recognise him under the altered name of Mephibosheth. This nickname was not at all a pleasant one for any man to be called by ; but having got into use, it would be preferred by those anxious for his safety on the one hand, and by those whose interest it was to keep him out of mind on the other. When Ishbosheth was slain, and all Israel went over to David, Mephibosheth was about twelve years old, and there were obvious reasons why the friends who had taken charge of him should desire his existence to be forgotten. Thus Mephibosheth lived a quiet and peaceful life among his friends at Lo-debar; and when he grew to manhood, he married and had a son.

When David was well established on his throne, and all his enemies were subdued around him, he inquired one day of those about him, 'Is there yet any left of the house of Saul, that I may show him kindness for Jonathan's sake?' This confirms the opinion we have advanced, that he did not know that Jonathan had a son living; and we think it shows that he did not even suspect such to be the case. Had it been so, and seeing that the inquiry arose out of his tender regard for the memory of his friend, he would surely rather have inquired whether Jonathan himself had any children remaining.

The obscurity in which Mephibosheth had been kept, is further shown by the fact that those of whom the king inquired were unable to give him the information he desired. They knew, however, of one Ziba, an old and trusted servant of Saul, now a prosperous man, with fifteen sons and twenty servants, and supposed that he could acquaint the king with that which he desired to know. This man was sent for. The king asked: 'Is there yet any of the house of Saul, that I may show the kindness of God unto him?' Ziba then told him of Mephibosheth, and where he was to be found; on which the king forthwith sent messengers to bring him to Jerusalem.

They were probably charged not to disclose the king's object; for when the lame youth appeared before the king, and prostrated himself in humble reverence, some trepidation seems to have been visible in his manner, as we may gather from the kind and assuring words which David addressed to one in whose countenance he probably found some traces of the friend he had loved so well. He called him by his name, and said to him, 'Fear not: for I will surely show thee kindness for Jonathan thy father's sake.' He then proceeded to state that he meant to restore him the private estate of Saul, for the maintenance of his household; but as for himself, he said, 'Thou shalt eat bread at my table continually.' Here was comfort, independence, and the highest honour the king could bestow, conferred with most paternal and kingly grace upon this afflicted man. What more could David do for one incapacitated by his infirmity for the employments of active life? and it was done not grudgingly nor with cold reserve, but with the heartfelt tenderness which made him desire to have always near him this living memorial of his lost friend. A less noble mind might have shrunk from thus keeping before the public eye, in connection with himself, the true heir of the house of Saul; especially as, though lame himself, Mephibosheth had a son who would eventually inherit whatever claims his father might be supposed to possess. But in the large heart of David there was found no room for such low suspicions and mean misgivings. God had promised to perpetuate the royal power in his house, and what had he to fear? Mephibosheth was the son of his heart's friend,-what could he suspect?

It is to be observed that the estate now made over to Mephibosheth was assigned for cultivation to Ziba, who, with his sons and servants, was to devote himself to it, and was to retain one half of the produce in recompense for his expense and labour, paying the other moiety as rent to the owner of the land. The numerous landowners in Israel so generally cultivated their own grounds, that there is scarcely another instance which enables us to see on what terms farming was conducted. It was probably on some plan like this, which is

indeed a very common one in the East. It is found to be in most soils a very equitable arrangement, especially when, as is usually the case, the landowner supplies the seed.

Mephibosheth was thus enabled to keep up a becoming establishment for his family in Jerusalem, while habitually taking his principal meals at the royal table, and associating with the king's sons, some of whom were nearly of his own age. As men do not, when at home, sit down at table with their wives and children in the East, this constant dining at court was a distinction unaccompanied by any of the domestic drawbacks it would bring to us.

Thirty-eighth Week—Third Day.

THE SHAVEN AMBASSADORS.-2 SAMUEL X.

THE reader will not have forgotten Nahash, king of the Ammonites, and his intended barbarities upon the men of Jabesh-gilead. This man had, however, been friendly to David in the time of his troubles. How, we know not; but the wilderness history of David must have had many more incidents than the few which have been recorded. When, therefore, he heard that Nahash was dead, and that his son Hanun had mounted the throne of Ammon, he sent an honourable embassage of condolence and congratulation. This is not the first instance of the mention of an embassy in Scripture, but it is the first for such a purpose. There was that of the king of Tyre to David on his accession to the throne of Israel; that which king Toi of Hamath sent to congratulate him on his victories; and earlier still, that sent by Moses to the king of Edom, and to other kings, to ask a passage for Israel through their territories; that sent by the king of Moab to Balaam; that of the Gibeonites to Joshua, pretending to have come from a far country; and that sent by Jephthah to the king of Ammon, remonstrating against his aggressions upon Israel. These instances illustrate nearly all the various occasions out of which embassies

could arise. All of them, and indeed all ancient embassies, were what we call embassies extraordinary, that is, embassies sent on particular and extraordinary occasions; embassies in ordinary, or resident embassies at foreign courts, being altogether a modern European invention, not more than two hundred and fifty years old.

The rights of ambassadors, the peculiar privileges belonging to their office, as representing the power from whom they came, and as being still under its protection in a foreign land, were already, however, well understood. They were then, as now, invested with a sacred character, which protected them from any offensive action in a foreign land, whatever might be their conduct. They were not amenable in any respect to the king or laws of the country to which they went. If they gave cause of complaint, the king might refuse to receive them, or might send them away, or request the power from whom they came to recall them; but to subject them to molestation, or injury of any kind, was an affront as severely resented in ancient as in modern times. We may therefore conceive the indignation of David when he heard that his ambassadors-men of rank and station-had been treated with the most gross indignity by the king of Arnmon, under the pretence that they had come to spy the nakedness of the land. The courtiers of Rabbah persuaded Hanun to believe this; and although we have no doubt that the suspicion was sincerely entertained, and may admit that it may have been in some measure justified by the recent subjugation of the neighbouring and kindred nations, nothing can excuse or justify the insolent contempt with which the ambassadors were treated. They might have been sent away; but this was not enough for the Ammonites. They sent them not away till they had shaved off half their beards, and cut off the skirts of their robes, so as to leave half of their persons bare. The object was clearly to make them ridiculous and contemptible. To shave off one side of the beard only, was even more ignominious than to remove it altogether, although that, among the ancient and modern eastern nations that cultivate the beard, was an offence not to be named without horror. VOL. III.

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