St. Paul was after this sent with other prisoners to Romei. It was a usual thing to send persons from the provinces to be tried at Rome, as we learn from Suetonius *, Josephus ', Pliny, and other authors.

When they were arrived at Rome, it is said, “the centurion delivered the prisoners to the captain of the guard": but Paul was suffered to dwell by himself with a soldier that kept him." That it was usual for prisoners to be put under the care of the "præfectus prætorio," or captain of the guard, is evident from Tacitus P, Josephus 9, and Pliny г. And though they were ordinarily confined in the prætorian camp, yet that such as were esteemed less guilty were sometimes favoured so far as to be permitted to dwell in their own houses with a soldier chained to them, appears from Josephus". And this I take to be that which in the Roman law is called "Aperta, et libera, et in usum hominum instituta custodia militaris t."

bant, remotis, de re judicata judicâsse? teque eum, quem C. Sacerdos, adhibito concilio, causa cognita, absolvisset; eundem remoto concilio, causa incognita, condemnâsse? Ibid. 33. (81.) Servos, quos ipse cum concilio, belli faciendi causa consensisse judicavit, eos sine concilii sententia, sua sponte, omni supplicio liberavit, 1. 5. 8. (18.) Crimen sine accusatore, sententia sine concilio, damnatio sine defensione. Ibid. 9. (23.)

f

Antiq. 1. 20. c. 4. §. 4. et de Bell. 1. 2. c. 16. §. I.

* Τοὺς δὲ δὴ παρέδρους αὐτὸς ἑαυτῷ ἑκαστὸς αἱρεῖται, ἕνα μὲν οἱ ἐστρατη γηκότες, καὶ ἐκ τῶν ὁμοίων σφίσιν, ἢ καὶ τῶν ὑποδεεστέρων τρεῖς δὲ, οἱ ὑπατευκότες, ἐκ τῶν ὁμοτίμων, οὓς av kaì ó avтokpáTwp dokáσn. 1. 33. p. 505, fin. Doubtless stands not here for or, but for eight. The proprætor chose one of prætorian, and eight of inferior dignity. The proconsul, three of consular, and I suppose also eight or more of a lower rank.

Leg. ad Caium, p. 1027, B. fin. Vid. Grot. in Matt. xxvii. 19. i Acts xxvii. 1.

k Aug. c. 33. 4.

Τῷ στρατοπεδάρχη, very properly translated "captain of the guard,” or præfecto prætorio; for there was but one camp in the city of Rome, and that was of the prætorian_soldiers. Vid. Tac. Ann. 1. 4. 2. Suet. Tib. 37. 2. Vid. Not. Pitisci ad Aug. 49. 4. n. 12.

Acts xxviii. 16.

P Cit. Grot. in loc.

9 Antiq. 1. 18. c. 6. (Hud. 7.) §. 6. compared with Suet. Cai. c. 12. 3. Dio, 1. 58. p. 626, C. Agrippa was ordered into the custody of "Macro præfectus prætorio” by Tiberius, and we read that many were under the same confinement, Jos. ibid. §. 7. and that the place of their imprisonment was the camp. For when Agrippa was ordered to a more easy confinement at his own house, it is said, EK TOù στраTоñédον μETAσrηoew εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν. Ibid. §. 1o.

⚫ L. 10. ep. 65. . Ubi supra. L. 2. C. de Exact. Trib.

It is said, Acts xxii. 30, of Lysias the commanding officer at Jerusalem, who in the absence of the procurator supplied his room, and acted as such, ἐκέλευσεν ἐλθεῖν τοὺς ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον αὐτῶν. In like manner Josephus, de Bell. 1. 2. c. 15. §. 6. says of Gessius Florus the procurator, μεταπεμψάμενος τούς τε ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ τὴν βουλήν.

I

СНАР. Х.

An account of the places referred to.

PROCEED now to the fourth thing, which is to treat of the places mentioned. The History of the Acts takes in a large extent of ground, speaking not only of several countries in general, but of many cities and places in particular, the situations and distances of which are also sometimes accidentally hinted. And I will venture to affirm, that the more thoroughly and curiously we examine these, and the more strictly we compare them with the accounts given us by the ancient geographers and historians, the more fully shall we find them confirmed. Strabo, a learned philosopher, who lived in the reigns of the emperors Augustus and Tiberius, and travelled into most parts of the world, that he might with the greater accuracy describe the situation of countries and cities, wrote a geography in seventeen books. These he finished about thirty years before the Acts of the Apostles were wrote, and almost every place mentioned in the History of the Acts is spoken of by him, and described in exact agreement therewith.

§. 1. It is said that Paul and Barnabas departed from Antioch unto Seleucia, and sailed thence to Cyprus. Strabo tells us, that Seleucia was a city in Syria, situate upon the seacoast, about fifteen miles from Antioch, and five from the mouth of the river Orontes ".

It is also said that they preached at Salamis, and went through the island unto Paphos . Salamis is accordingly < Ch. xiii. 5, 6.

Ch. xiii. 4.

b L. 16. p. 751, A. D.

placed by Strabo at the east end of Cyprus a, and Paphos at the west end".

It is added, they loosed from Paphos, and came to Perga in Pamphylia : and, agreeably hereto, Strabo informs us that Paphos had a port; that Perga was a city in Pamphylia, situate upon the river Cestrus; and that it is sixty furlongs sailing up the river to the city h.

It is further said, that they departed from Perga to Antioch in Pisidia, and went afterwards to Iconium k, and thence to Lystra and Derbe, cities of Lycaonia'. Pisidia is described by Strabo as bordering upon Pamphyliam, and Lycaonia as adjoining to Pisidia". He mentions Antioch as a city in Pisidia, Iconium as a city in Lycaonia P, and Derbe as a city in the borders of Isauria 9, which Isauria he also expressly says is in Lycaonia ". He makes no mention indeed of Lystra; but Pliny, who wrote a very few years after him, does. And Hierocles the grammarian, in his Synecdemus, places it in Lycaonia; and in the Notitia Episcopatuum it is taken notice of as a bishop's see t.

In their return, it is said, they passed through Pisidia to Pamphylia, and, having preached at Perga, went down to Attalia, and thence sailed to Antioch in Syria, from whence they set out". Attalia is accordingly described by Strabo as a city of Pamphylia, situate upon the seacoast; and Antioch, the metropolis of Syria, as seated upon the river Orontes, to which a person might sail up the river from the seacoast in a day's time'.

e

§. 2. St. Paul set out a second time from Antioch, in

L. 14. p. 682, B. C. D.

P. 681, fin. 683, C. D.
Ch. xiii. 13.

h L. 14. p. 667, C.

P. 683, C. i Ver. 14. Ch. xiv. 20, 21.

m L. 12. p. 569, fin. 570, pr.

* Ver. 51.

n

P. 568. and 569.

P. 569, B. and 577, A.

P P. 568, C.

. P. 568, D.

P. 569, A.

L. 5. §. 42. Lystreni. It is true he places them in Galatia; but Cellarius has clearly proved that he brings down Galatia too far southward. Vid. Not. Orb. Antiq. vol. 2. 1. 3. c. 4. p. 11. 115. 122. Pliny

says, Attingit Galatia - Lycaoniæ partem Obigenem. And though, §. 42, he places the Thebaseni in Galatia, yet, §. 25, he says, Ipsius Lycaoniæ celebrantur Thebasa in Tauro. Hyde, In Confinio Galatiæ. He seems to me to have no clear notion of the bounds of these two countries, and so it appeared to Father Harduin, as you may see by his notes on the places I have quoted. Vid. Cellar. Not. vol. 2. 1. 3. c. p. 122.

4.

u Ch. xiv. 24, 25.

* L. 14. p. 666, D. et 667.

y L. 16. p. 750, B. 751, A.

company with Silas, and went through Syria and Cilicia to Derbe in Lycaonia. Strabo tells us, that Syria was bounded in the north by Cilicia Campestris ; (for Cilicia was divided into two parts, the one called Aspera, the other Campestris ;) and that Cilicia Aspera, the part which was most remote from Syria, bordered upon Lycaonia b.

It is added in the History of the Acts, "Now when they had gone throughout Phrygia, and the regions of Galatia, and were forbidden to preach in Asia, after they were come to Mysia, they essayed to go into Bithynia"." In agreement herewith, Strabo describes Lycaonia, Phrygia, Galatia, Mysia, and Bithynia, as countries bordering one upon another. He also makes mention of Asia properly so called: and Catullus the poet expressly distinguishes it from Phrygia £. And a Scholiast upon Apollonius Rhodius says that Lydia was formerly called Asia o.

It is further added, "And they, passing by Mysia, came down to Troas," and "loosing from Troas, came with a strait course to Samothracia, and the next day to Neapolis; and thence to Philippi, which is the chief city of that part of Macedonia, and a colony h." That Phrygia, Mysia, and the country of Troas, bordered upon each other, is easily learnt from Strabo; as also that the city of Troas, at one time called, Antigonia, afterwards Alexandria and Alexandria Troas, was situate upon the seacoast k. That Samothracia was an island over against the confines of Thrace bordering upon Macedonia'. That Neapolis bounded the Strymonic

* Ch. xv. 41. and xvi. 1. L. 16. p. 749, A. B. et l. 14. p. 676, C. D.

b L. 14. p. 668, A. B. 1. 12. p. 568, C. D. et P. 537, C.

Ch. xvi. 6, 7. d L. 12. p. 566, C.

f

e L. 12. p. 577, C. 1. 13. p. 627, D. compared with p. 625, D. 620, D. Epig. 46. Linquantur Phrygii, &c. Ad claras Asiæ volemus urbes. Vid. Spanheim. de Usu et Præst. Numism. t. I. p. 621, 622. This Strabo also says, ubi supra.

h Ch. xvi. 8. 11, 12.

* Compare together, l. 12. p. 574, B. et 576, C. et l. 13. p. 581. 583.

613, D.
Eolis proxima est, quon-
dam Mysia appellata, et quæ Hel-
lesponto adjacet, Troas. Plin. 1. 5.
§. 32.

L. 13. p. 581, C. 593, D. et 604, В. Troadis primus locus Hamantius, dein Cebrenia, ipsaque Troas, Antigonia dicta, nunc Alexandria, Plin. 1. 5. §. 33. It is called Troas without any addition, 1. 7. ff. de Cens. et 1. 8. §. 9. ff. eod. et in nummo Caracalla, Col. Aug. Troas. Vid. Not. Hard. in Plin. loc. prox. cit.

1 L. 2. p. 124, B. 1. 1. p. 28, B. 1. 7. p. 331, B.