By far the most practical method for accomplishing the results desired is the process known as pasteurization. This method, when carried out scrupulously and intelligently, will destroy the germs of all the diseases transmissible by milk, including the germ of tuberculosis.

Russel has proved that a temperature of 60 C. for 20 minutes in a closed vessel, an ordinary commercial pasteurizer, is amply sufficient. It is essential that the containers be closed, as otherwise a pellicle or scum forms over the top which interferes with the effect of the temperature. Moreover, this process in no way interferes with the taste or creaming properties of milk. Milk treated in this way, if protected from subsequent contamination and stored in a cool place, can be kept indefinitely.

In conclusion, I would sum up the whole problem of pure milk in three words-inspection, cleanliness and pasteurization.

"PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION AND ITS RELATION TO FARMERS AND CREAMERY MEN."

Hon. F. A. CONVERSE, Buffalo, N. Y.
Superintendent of Agriculture and Dairy Products.

I want to express my pleasure at being here and meeting the dairymen and creamery men of the State of Vermont. As I said last night, it has been my privilege in the past few months to visit a great many States and to attend several meetings of this nature and to watch the line of work being carried on by the different farmers and dairymen, and I realize as never before that this whole matter is one of education; I have found so many men anxious to come to these meetings and take part in the discussion and then go back home and put into practice what they have learned.

In the matter of agriculture, as in every other thing, there is always room for the successful men at the top, and only that man can hope to mount to the highest pinnacle of success who makes the most of his educational opportunities.

What we want to-day is to get the cost of production down to the very lowest notch and yet produce an article that will by its quality command the highest price in the market. I met a man during the last month that produced butter at a cost of eight cents a pound; I have seen his figures and I believe it is true. The man that can produce butter at that price and can keep the quality up has solved the problem that comes to each of us. And what is possible for that man is possible for you. I say, friends, the whole campaign is one of education, and from the man with the fewest cows on the smallest farm up along the whole line until we reach the farmers' institutes, the dairy conventions, fairs and expositions: which offer the opportunities, and at last until to measure ourselves up by counties, states and nations, education is going to and does mean a great deal. These are opportunities that come to us, and all of these things ought to be improved.

So often you find a man who won't be told anything; he knows it all. You go to that man and say such a thing is for your best interest, and he will only shrug his shoulders and say, "If you will be kind enough to go your way and let me go mine I will thank you"; you women have seen men of that kind, they always say, "I told you so." The Lord deliver us from these. "I told you so" people will reply, "Well, that turned out just as I thought it would."

I knew of a fellow of that kind who died-every community is full of them—the funeral had taken place; the remains had been deposited in the cemetery and the mourners were returning home, when a stranger came along and said to the sexton who was filling the grave, "You have had a funeral here?" "Yes, sir," said the sexton. "Well," said the stranger, "what was the complaint?" "Oh," the sexton replied, "there is no complaint at all, everybody is satisfied," and that is just about the way a man of that stamp is measured up in any community. We are just starting in on this new century—and let me say to you-if anything educational comes into your work, your life, no matter from what source, whether a professor or a boor, a Judas or a Paul, that will help you, that is the thing that you should make the wisest and best use of. When you see a man hungry for facts, seeking information, I don't care where it comes from, that man will make the best use of his time, he will make his conditions seek his ends. and the man who can do that succeeds.

I suppose we are all in the business of dairying as in the business of farming, primarily, to make a living; now, if we look at the matter in a purely commercial way, what we are all striving to do is to get an animal that will produce the article we need in the cheapest manner with a given amount of food that we can provide her. All along that line there are so many things that will crop out, that we can learn, as to the character of the animal. Now with reference to the care of an animal, I suppose the conditions are very much the same as they are in Jefferson county, N. Y., where I lived-nine months winter, three months of late fall, with only seven weeks of pasture. Nearly everyone in Jefferson county has a silo; more silos have been built in the last year than in the previous sixteen years. We are looking for an animal that will produce the greatest amount of butter under ordinary conditions for the lowest cost keeping. I don't care whether the animal is black or white or fawn, or whether she weighs 800 or 1,200 pounds; I am not here to say what breed she shall be but I would strive to have the best kind; I would choose it as I would a wife, the one I love best; the one I believe in. We have got to take conditions as they are and work up to a higher standard. I would not give much for a man that is eternally finding fault and wishing conditions were better, and saying that some other fellow is to blame, and never trying to make things better himself. A man must needs keep raising the standard higher and higher every year. I have in mind a man who has 90 cows and they are giving 10,000 pounds of milk each; he says: "I have been working at that for 16 years, and I am not going to be satisfied until those cows make 15,000 pounds of milk." That is the spirit I like to see, the spirit of progress; the spirit we need, that of raising the standard higher and yet higher every year;

we have just entered the great field of possibilities of cheap productions of milk. I have said enough along this line to make you believe that the educational feature of the question is the greatest and most necessary one; study conditions carefully and be up to date-progressive, never self satisfied, and now I want to tell you something that is being done at Buffalo.

I went to Buffalo last spring to take charge of the farmers' end of the Pan-American, and the men who had charge of the Exposition said to me: "We are going to work this Exposition by departments, and each man in charge of a department will be held responsible for the results of the departments under his charge. Here is the money you want, and all the men you want; go in and make a success of it-the greatest success ever known in the United States or Canada." That is the proposition "I am up against."

What I want to do is this: To so conduct the department of live stock, the dairy products and agriculture, that when you men and women of Vermont come to Buffalo this summer you will at once realize that all there is there has been done for the greatest education of the people in these lines.

Take for instance the department of agriculture; what are we doing? Deal with provinces and countries rather than with individuals. In the building, which covers something like two acres, will be installed exhibits from all the different States collected by the State Commission, appointed by the legislature with funds put in their hands for that purpose, and they will represent as nearly as possible the resources and industries of the state or county from which they come. I am happy to say that we have interested the Northern Hemisphere and also the Southern Hemisphere-North America and South America. Since the last war you know our relation to South America has been entirely changed-they used to regard us in this light-that of getting all we possibly could out of them-but now it is all changed. Every country excepting three are to make exhibits at the Pan-American Exposition, for the reason that they see and realize the progress that has been made in the United States along the lines of her industrial work, and they want our help along those lines, and we want their markets.

The fact of so numerous and varied a type of exhibitors means much to the live stock man, the farmers and manufacturers of this country. More men and women from those countries will come to the Pan-American Exposition this year than have visited the United States in the last 50 years, and I have given you the reason for it.

We have in our States, in our institute work and in the work that has been conducted at our experiment stations, found out that it is possible for a man to take what is known as a worn out" farm and in something like 25 years bring it

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up to a virgin state of productiveness. I have seen it done in 12 years; not brought up to a virgin state of productiveness, but to a state of reasonable fertility.

In regard to the fertility and capabilities of the soil, I say these qualities should be brought out as far as we are able to bring them out. The peculiar crop, conditions of the Pan-American countries will be illustrated by the various exhibitors in the stock division. I have no hesitation in saying that the largest number and best variety of domestic animals ever seen in this or any other country will be brought together at the Pan-American Exposition.

I have been visiting the different associations and I have never seen greater enthusiasm than is manifested by the men in charge of these organizations; they are all interested in this magnificent project; we recognize every breed of domestic animals, it makes no difference how expensive or how little their worth is. My way is, and always has been, to help the man who needs help, and if any breed of domestic animals has never had an opportunity or recognition it deserves, I believe it is the purpose of an exposition to put these animals on such a basis that we can give them a fair and reasonable exhibition and bring them into deserved prominence. This will apply to every breed of cattle, every breed of horses, sheep, swine and poultry that they may have recognition, and all breeds will stand in common one with the other. I find a tendency on the part of some people to distinguish between the merits of animals of the same breed and value on account of the wealth or opinion of the owner. The utility of an animal is its spring product. I expect to have matters arranged in such a way that no partiality will be shown in the matter of judging the animals.

Another thing in connection with the live stock which will be of special interest to dairymen along the lines of this educational work: We are going to put in a model dairy at the Exposition, to be run through the entire time. The dairy will be in a building in the midst of the grounds, and the arrangements will be carried out along the lines of sanitation and hygiene. I suppose if you were to go through almost any cow stable of the average dairyman you will find conditions that are not as they should be with reference to the health and vitality of the animals living in the stable. We have learned that in construction certain things must be maintained to insure the health and a vigorous condition of the animals. I go so far as to say that any man with a basement barn hasn't got these conditions. That is a pretty sweeping statement, but I never saw a basement barn that during all the winter months wasn't so damp it was not fit for cattle to stay in. Many of you have basement barns, but, my friends, don't build any more because we have learned how to build cheaper and better ones.