cipi. (19.) Nam res nec mancipi nuda traditione alienari possunt, si modo corporales sunt et ob id recipiunt traditionem. (20.) Itaque si tibi vestem vel aurum vel argentum tradidero, sive ex venditionis causa sive ex donationis sive quavis alia ex causa, tua fit ea res sine ulla iuris solemnitate. (21.) In eadem causa sunt provincialia praedia, quorum alia stipendiaria, alia tributaria vocamus. Stipendiaria sunt ea quae in his provinciis sunt, quae propriae populi Romani esse intelleguntur. Tributaria sunt ea quae in his provinciis sunt, quae propriae Caesaris esse creduntur. (22.) Mancipi vero res aeque per mancipationem ad alium transferuntur; unde scilicet mancipi res sunt dictae. quod autem valet mancipatio, idem valet et in iure cessio. (23.) Et mancipatio quidem quemadmodum fiat, superiore commentario tradidimus. (24.) In iure cessio autem hoc modo fit. aput magistratum populi Romani, velut Praetorem, vel aput Praesidem provinciae is cui res in iure ceditur, rem tenens ita dicit: HUNC EGO HOMINEM EX IURE QUIRITIUM

and res nec mancipi. 19. For res nec mancipi can be alienated by mere delivery, provided only they be corporeal, and so admit of delivery. 20. Therefore if I deliver to you a garment or gold or silver, whether on the ground of sale, or donation, or on any other ground, the thing becomes yours without any legal formality. 21. Provincial lands, some of which we call stipendiary, some tributary, pass in like manner. Stipendiary are those which are situated in the provinces regarded as specially belonging to the Roman people: tributary are those which are in the provinces considered as specially belonging to Caesar1. 22. Similarly, res mancipi are transferred to another by mancipation: whence no doubt they were called res mancipi. But whatever effect a mancipation has, the same has also a cessio in jure. 23. How a mancipation is effected we have explained in the preceding Commentary". 24. A cessio in jure is managed as follows3. He to whom the thing is being passed by cession, taking hold of it in the presence of a magistrate of the Roman people, for instance, a Praetor, or the Governor of a province, speaks thus: "I assert this man to be mine ex jure Quiritium." Then, after he has

1 1. 6. II. 7.

2

I. 119.

3 Ulpian, XIX. 9.

74

MEUM ESSE AIO.

Cessio in jure. Nexum.

deinde postquam hic vindicaverit, Praetor

interrogat eum qui cedit, an contra vindicet. quo negante aut tacente, tunc ei qui vindicaverit eam rem addicit. idque legis actio vocatur, quae fieri potest etiam in provinciis aput Praesides earum. (25.) Plerumque tamen et fere semper mancipationibus utimur. quod enim ipsi per nos praesentibus amicis agere possumus, hoc non est necesse cum maiore difficultate aput Praetorem aut aput Praesidem provinciae quaerere. (26.) At si neque mancipata, neque in iure cessa sit res mancipi [desunt 31 lin.] (27.) In summa admonendi sumus nexum Italici soli proprium esse, provincialis soli nexum non esse: recipit enim nexus significationem solum non aliter, quam si mancipi est, provinciale vero nec mancipi est. — enim vero provincia de mancipa

made his claim, the Praetor questions the man who is making the cession, whether he puts in a counter-claim and on his saying no or holding his peace, the Praetor assigns the thing to him who has claimed it. And this is called a legis actio', and can be transacted in the provinces also before the governors thereof. 25. Generally, however, and indeed almost always, we employ mancipations. For when we can do the business by ourselves in the presence of our friends, there is no need to seek its accomplishment in a more troublesome manner before the Praetor or the governor of a Province. 26. But if a res mancipi have been passed neither by mancipation nor cessio in jure...... 27. Finally, we must take notice that nexum is peculiar to Italian land: there is no nexum of provincial land: for land admits of the application of nexum only when it is mancipi, and provincial land is nec mancipi3.

2

(see Tab. VI. 1. 1), the latter a more modern expression, used to signify obligation generally, see D. 10. 2. 31. 33 and D. 12. 6. 26. 7.

The meaning of nexum is given by Varro (de L. Lat. VII. 105): "Nexum Mamilius scribit, omne quod per libram et aes geritur, in quo sint mancipia. Mutius, quae per aes et libram fiunt, ut obligentur, praeter quae mancipio dentur. Hoc verius esse ipsum verbum ostendit, de quo

28. Incorporales res traditionem non recipere manifestum est. (29.) Sed iura praediorum urbanorum in iure tantum cedi possunt; rusticorum vero etiam mancipari possunt. (30.) Ususfructus in iure cessionem tantum recipit. Nam dominus proprietatis alii usumfructum in iure cedere potest, ut ille usumfructum habeat, et ipse nudam proprietatem retineat. Ipse usufructuarius in iure cedendo domino proprietatis usumfructum efficit, ut a se discedat et convertatur in proprietatem. alii vero in iure cedendo nihilominus ius suum retinet: creditur enim ea cessione nihil agi. (31.) Sed haec scilicet in Italicis praediis ita sunt, quia et ipsa praedia mancipationem et in iure cessionem recipiunt. alioquin in provincialibus praediis sive quis usumfructum sive ius eundi, agendi, aquamve ducendi, vel altius tollendi aedes, aut non tollendi, ne lumini

28. That incorporeal things do not admit of delivery is obvious. 29. But rights over urban estates can only be conveyed by cessio in jure; whilst those over rustic estates can be by mancipation also. 30. Usufruct' admits of cessio in jure only. For the owner of the property can make cessio in jure of the usufruct to another, so that the latter may have the usufruct, and he himself retain the bare ownership. The usufructuary, on his part, by making cessio in jure of the usufruct to the owner of the property causes it to depart from him and be absorbed in the ownership. But if he make cessio in jure of it to another he still retains his right, for it is considered that nothing is done by such a cessio2. 31. But these rules only apply to Italian lands, because the lands themselves are also subjects for mancipation and cessio in jure. In provincial lands on the contrary, if a man desire to establish a usufruct, or right of path, road, watercourse, raising buildings higher, or preventing buildings being raised higher lest a

bus vicini officiatur ceteraque similia iura constituere velit, pactionibus et stipulationibus id efficere potest; quia ne ipsa quidem praedia mancipationem aut in iure cessionem recipiunt. (32.) Et cum ususfructus et hominum et ceterorum animalium constitui possit, intellegere debemus horum usumfructum etiam in provinciis per in iure cessionem constitui posse. (33.) Quod autem diximus usumfructum in iure cessionem tantum recipere, non est temere dictum, quamvis etiam per mancipationem constitui possit eo quod in mancipanda proprietate detrahi potest: non enim ipse ususfructus mancipatur, sed cum in mancipanda proprietate deducatur, eo fit, ut aput alium ususfructus, aput alium proprietas sit. (34.) Hereditas quoque in iure cessionem tantum recipit. (35.) Nam si is ad quem ab intestato legitimo iure pertinet hereditas in iure eam alii ante aditionem cedat, id est ante quam heres extiterit, perinde fit heres is cui in iure cesserit, ac si ipse per legem ad hereditatem neighbour's lights be interfered with, and other similar rights, he can only do it by pacts and stipulatious', because even the lands themselves do not admit of mancipation or cessio in jure. 32. Also, since it is possible for an usufruct to be established over slaves and other animals, we must understand that usufruct over them can be established by cessio in jure even in the provinces3. 33. When, however, we said that usufruct admitted of cessio in jure only, we were not speaking at random, although it may be established by mancipation also, inasmuch as it may be withheld in a mancipation of the property for in such a case the usufruct itself is not mancipated, although the result of its being withheld in mancipating the property is that the usufruct is left with one person and the property with another. 34. An inheritance also is a thing which admits of cessio in jure only. 35. For if he to whom an inheritance on an intestacy belongs by statute law make cessio in jure of it before entry, i.e. before he has become heir, the other to whom he has ceded it becomes heir, just as if he had himself been called by

Cessio in jure hereditatis.

77

vocatus esset: post obligationem vero si cesserit, nihilominus ipse heres permanet et ob id creditoribus tenebitur, debita vero pereunt, eoque modo debitores hereditarii lucrum faciunt; corpora vero eius hereditatis perinde transeunt ad eum cui cessa est hereditas, ac si ea singula in iure cessa fuissent. (36.) Testamento autem scriptus heres ante aditam quidem hereditatem in iure cedendo eam alii nihil agit; postea vero quam adierit si cedat, ea accidunt quae proxime diximus de eo ad quem ab intestato legitimo iure pertinet hereditas, si post obligationem in iure cedat. (37.) Idem et de necessariis heredibus diversae scholae auctores existimant, quod nihil videtur interesse utrum aliquis adeundo hereditatem, fiat heres, an invitus existat : quod quale sit, suo loco apparebit. sed nostri praeceptores putant nihil agere necessarium heredem, cum in iure cedat hereditatem. (38.) Obligationes quoquo

law to the inheritance: if, however, he make cessio after (accepting) the obligation, he still remains heir himself, and will therefore be liable to the creditors, but the debts (due to the inheritance) perish, and so the debtors to the inheritance are benefited': the corporeal items, however, of the inheritance pass to him to whom the inheritance is ceded, just as if they had been ceded singly. 36. But an heir appointed by testament, if he make cessio in jure before entry on the inheritance, does a void act whilst if he cede after entry, the results are the same as those we have just named in the case of one to whom an inheritance on an intestacy devolves by statute law, if he make cessio in jure after (accepting) the obligation. 37. The authorities of the school opposed to us hold the same in regard to heredes necessarii, because it seems to them immaterial whether a man becomes heir by entering on an inheritance, or becomes heir against his will. What the meaning of this is will be seen in its proper place. But our authorities think that the heres necessarius does a void act when he makes cessio in jure of the inheritance3. 38. Obligations, in what

1 He is liable to the creditors because he has done an act which identifies him juridically with the deceased. The debtors are not liable to him because he has freely given up the juridical identity he had esta

blished; nor are they liable to the cessionary, because they are not bound to recognize him as a successor to their creditor, the deceased.

2 Ulpian, XIX. 12-15.

3

II. 152; III. 87,