etiam a te manumissa, Latina fieri potest, et bona eius ad me pertinent, sed eius tutela tibi competit: nam ita lege Iunia cavetur. itaque si ab eo cuius et in bonis et ex iure Quiritium ancilla fuerit facta sit Latina, ad eundem et bona et tutela pertinet.

168. Agnatis, qui legitimi tutores sunt, item manumissoribus permissum est feminarum tutelam alii in iure cedere: pupillorum autem tutelam non est permissum cedere, quia non videtur onerosa, cum tempore pubertatis finiatur. (169.) Is autem cui ceditur tutela cessicius tutor vocatur. (170.) Quo mortuo aut capite diminuto revertitur ad eum tutorem tutela qui cessit. ipse quoque qui cessit, si mortuus aut capite diminutus sit, a cessicio tutela discedit et revertitur ad eum, qui post eum qui cesserat secundum gradum in tutela habuerit. (171.) Set quantum ad agnatos pertinet, nihil hoc tempore de cessicia tutela quaeritur, cum agnatorum tutelae in feminis lege Claudia sublatae sint. (172.) Sed fiduciarios quoque quidam puta

not by you also, she can be made a Latin, and her goods belong to me, but her tutelage devolves on you: for it is so provided by the Lex Junia. Therefore if she be made a Latin by one to whom she belonged both in bonis and ex jure Quiritium, the goods and the tutelage both go to the same

man.

168. Agnates, who are legitimate tutors, and manumittors also, are allowed to transfer to others by cessio in jure' the tutelage of women; but not that of pupils, because this tutelage is not looked upon as onerous, inasmuch as it must terminate at the time of puberty. 169. He to whom a tutelage is thus ceded is called a tutor cessicius: 170. and on his death or capitis diminutio the tutelage returns to him who ceded it. So too, if the man himself who ceded it die or suffer capitis diminutio, the tutelage shifts from the cessicius and reverts to him who had the claim to the tutelage next in succession to the cessor. 171. But so far as relates to agnates, no questions now arise about cessician tutelage, inasmuch as the tutelages of agnates over women were abolished by the Lex Claudia 2. 172. Some, however, have held that fiduciary tutors also have not power

1 II. 24. Ulpian, xг. 6-8. Note on I. 135.

2 I. 157

verunt cedendae tutelae ius non habere, cum ipsi se oneri subiecerint. quod etsi placeat, in parente tamen qui filiam neptemve aut proneptem alteri ea lege mancipio dedit, ut sibi remanciparetur, remancipatamque manumisit, idem dici non debet, cum is et legitimus tutor habeatur ; et non minus huic quam patronis honor praestandus est.

173. Praeterea senatusconsulto mulieribus permissum est in absentis tutoris locum alium petere: quo petito prior desinit. nec interest quam longe aberit is tutor. (174.) Set excipitur, ne in absentis patroni locum liceat libertae tutorem petere. (175.) Patroni autem loco habemus etiam parentem qui in e mancipio sibi remancipatam filiam neptemve aut proneptem manumissione legitimam tutelam nanctus est. huius quidem liberi fiduciarii tutoris loco numerantur: patroni autem liberi eandem tutelam adipiscuntur, quam et pater eorum habuit. (176.) Sed ad certam quidem causam etiam in patroni absentis

to cede a tutelage, since they have voluntarily undertaken the burden. But although this be the rule, yet the same must not be laid down in respect of an ascendant who has given a daughter, granddaughter, or great-granddaughter in mancipium to another on condition that she be remancipated to him, and has manumitted her after the remancipation: since such an one is also1 reckoned a legitimate tutor, and in no less degree must respect be paid to him than to a patron.

173. Further by a senatusconsultum women are allowed to apply for a tutor in the place of one who is absent, and on his appointment the original tutor ceases to act: nor does it matter how far the original tutor has gone away3. 174. But there is an exception to this, that a freedwoman may not apply for a tutor in the place of an absent patron. 175. We also regard as in the place of a patron an ascendant who has acquired by manumission legitimate tutelage over a daughter, granddaughter or great-granddaughter remancipated to him out of mancipium3. The children, however, of such an one are regarded as fiduciary tutors, whereas the children of a patron acquire the same kind of tutelage as

1 "Also," i. e. in addition to the two classes of legitimi already named in §§ 155, 65. Conf. 1. 175.

2 Ulpian, XI. 22.

3

I. 172.

4 D. 26. 4. 4.

locum permisit senatus tutorem petere, veluti ad hereditatem adeundam. (177.) Idem senatus censuit et in persona pupilli patroni filii. (178.) Itemque lege Iulia de maritandis ordinibus ei quae in legitima tutela pupilli sit permittitur dotis constituendae gratia a Praetore urbano tutorem petere. (179.) Sane patroni filius etiamsi inpubes sit, libertae efficietur tutor, at in nulla re auctor fieri potest, cum ipsi nihil permissum sit sine tutoris auctoritate agere. (180.) Item si qua in tutela legitima furiosi aut muti sit, permittitur ei senatusconsulto dotis constituendae gratia tutorem petere. (181.) Quibus casibus salvam manere tutelam patrono patronique filio manifestum est. (182.) Praeterea senatus censuit, ut si tutor pupilli pupillaeve suspectus a tutela remotus sit, sive ex iusta causa fuerit excusatus,

their father also had. 176. But the senate has allowed a woman to apply for a tutor for a definite purpose even in the place of an absent patron, for instance to enter upon an inheritance '. 177. The senate has adopted the same rule in the case of the son of a patron being a pupil'. 178. So also by the Lex Julia de maritandis ordinibus a woman who is in the legitimate tutelage of a pupil is allowed to apply for a tutor from the Praetor Urbanus for the purpose of arranging her dos3. 179. For the son of a patron undoubtedly becomes the tutor of a freedwoman, even though he be under puberty, and yet he can in no instance authorize1 her acts, since he is not allowed to do anything for himself without the authorization of his tutor. 180. Likewise, if a woman be in the legitimate tutelage of a mad or dumb person, she is by the senatusconsultum allowed to apply for a tutor for the purpose of arranging her dos. 181. In these cases it is plain that the tutelage remains intact for the patron and the son of the patron.

182. Further the

is considered to be defective on account of his youth (or in the case of a woman, her sex); and the tutor's presence and approval add a sound will to a duly performed act, the two requisites insisted on by the law. Auctoritas is derived from augeo, and signifies the complement or supplying of a defect.

Probably that referred to in I. 173, and in Ulp. XI. 21.

in locum eius alius tutor detur, quo dato prior tutor amittit tutelam. (183.) Haec omnia similiter et Romae et in provinciis solent observari si vero

(184) Olim cum legis actiones in usu erant, etiam ex illa causa tutor dabatur, si inter tutorem et mulierem pupillumve legis actione agendum erat: nam quia ipse quidem tutor in re sua auctor esse non poterat, alius dabatur, quo auctore illa legis actio perageretur: qui dicebatur praetorius tutor, quia a Praetore urbano dabatur. post sublatas legis actiones quidam putant hanc speciem dandi tutoris non esse necessariam; sed adhuc dari in usu est, si legitimo iudicio agatur.

185. Si cui nullus omnino tutor sit, ei datur in urbe Roma ex lege Atilia a Praetore urbano et maiore parte Tribunorum plebis, qui Atilianus tutor vocatur; in provinciis vero a Prae

senate has ruled that if a tutor of a pupil, male or female, be removed from his tutorship as untrustworthy', or be excused on some lawful ground, another tutor may be given in his place, and on his appointment the original tutor loses his tutorship. 183. All these rules are observed in like manner at Rome and in the provinces.

184. Formerly when the legis actiones* were in use, a tutor used also to be given in case proceedings by legis actio had to be taken between a tutor and a woman or pupil: for inasmuch as the tutor could not be auctor in any matter that concerned himself, another used to be appointed by whom as auctor the legis actio was conducted: and he was called a Praetorian tutor, because he was appointed by the Praetor Urbanus. Now that legis actiones have been abolished, some authorities hold that this kind of appointed tutor has become unnecessary; but it is still usual for such an one to be appointed, where proceedings have to be taken by legal (as opposed to praetorian) action".

185. Supposing a person to have no tutor at all, one is given him, in the city of Rome by virtue of the Lex Atilia, by the Praetor Urbanus and the major part of the Tribunes of the

sidibus provinciarum ex lege Iulia et Titia. (186.) Et ideo si cui testamento tutor sub condicione aut ex die certo datus sit, quamdiu condicio aut dies pendet, tutor dari potest; item si pure datus fuerit, quamdiu nemo heres existat, tamdiu ex is legibus tutor petendus est: qui desinit tutor esse postea quam quis. ex testamento tutor esse coeperit. (187.) Ab hostibus quoque tutore capto ex his legibus tutor datur, qui desinit tutor esse, si is qui captus est in civitatem reversus fuerit: nam reversus recipit tutelam iure postliminii.

188. Ex his apparet quot sint species tutelarum. si vero quaeramus, in quot genera hae species deducantur, longa erit disputatio: nam de ea re valde veteres dubitaverunt, nosque diligentius hunc tractatum exsecuti sumus et in edicti interpretatione, et in his libris quos ex Quinto Mucio fecimus. hoc

Plebs, who is called an Atilian tutor: in the provinces, by the governors thereof, by virtue of the Lex Julia et Titia'. 186. And therefore if a tutor be appointed to any one by testament under a condition or to act after a certain day, so long as the condition is unfulfilled or the day not arrived, another tutor may be appointed: likewise if the tutor be appointed without condition, still for such time as no heir exists 2 another tutor must be applied for under these laws, who ceases to be tutor as soon as any one begins to act as tutor under the testament. 187. Also when a tutor is taken by the enemy, another tutor is appointed under these laws, who ceases to be tutor if the captive return into the state; for having returned he recovers his tutelage by the jus postliminii".

188. From the foregoing it appears how many species of tutelage there are. But if we enquire into how many classes these species may be collected, the discussion will be tedious: for the ancients held most opposite opinions on this point, and we have carefully investigated this question both in our explanation of the Edict and in those commentaries which we have based on the works of Quintus Mucius*. Meanwhile it is

1 Enacted 30 B. C.

2 The institution of the heir is the main point of a Roman will, and until he accepts the inheritance, no provision of the will can be

carried out.

3 I. 129.

4 See this phrase discussed in note on II. 152.