TITIAE UXORI MEAE TUTORIS OPTIONEM DO.

53

quo casu licet uxori eligere tutorem vel in omnes res vel in unam forte aut duas. (151.) Ceterum aut plena optio datur aut angusta. (152.) Plena ita dari solet, ut proxume supra diximus. angusta ita dari solet: TITIAE UXORI MEAE DUMTAXAT TUTORIS OPTIONEM SEMEL DO, aut DUMTAXAT BIS DO. (153.) Quae optiones plurimum inter se differunt. nam quae plenam optionem habet potest semel et bis et ter et saepius tutorem optare. quae vero angustam habet optionem, si dumtaxat semel data est optio, amplius quam semel optare non potest: si tantum bis, amplius quam bis optandi facultatem non habet. (154.) Vocantur autem hi qui nominatim testamento tutores dantur, dativi; qui ex optione sumuntur, optivi.

155. Quibus testamento quidem tutor datus non sit, iis ex lege XII agnati sunt tutores, qui vocantur legitimi. (156.) Sunt autem agnati per virilis sexus personas cognatione iuncti,

chooses for her tutor, in this form: "I give to Titia my wife the option of a tutor." In which case the wife has power to select a tutor either for all her affairs or, it may be, for one or two matters only 1. 151. Moreover, the selection is allowed either without restraint or with restraint. 152. That without restraint is given in the form we have stated just above. That with restraint is usually given thus: "I give to my wife Titia the selection of a tutor once only," or I give it twice only." 153. Which selections differ very considerably from one another. For a woman who has selection without restraint can choose her tutor once, or twice, or thrice, or more times: but she who has selection with restraint, if it be given her once only, cannot choose more than once; if twice only, has not the power of choosing more than twice. 154. Tutors who are given by name in a testament are called dativi, those who are taken by virtue of selection, optivi.

155. To those who have no tutor given them by testament, the agnates are tutors by a law of the Twelve Tables, and they are called tutores legitimi3. 156. Now the agnates3 are those united in relationship through persons of the male sex,

1 Livii XXXIX. 19, and Plaut. Truculent. Act IV. sc. 4, 6.

2 Ulpian, XI. 3.
3 Ibid.

54

Tutela legitima adgnatorum.

quasi a patre cognati: veluti frater eodem patre natus, fratris filius neposve ex eo, item patruus et patrui filius et nepos ex eo. At hi qui per feminini sexus personas cognatione iunguntur non sunt agnati, sed alias naturali iure cognati. itaque inter avunculum et sororis filium non agnatio est, sed cognatio. item amitae, materterae filius non est mihi agnatus, set cognatus, et invicem scilicet ego illi eodem iure coniungor: quia qui nascuntur patris, non matris familiam sequuntur. (157.) Sed olim quidem, quantum ad legem XII tabularum attinet, etiam feminae agnatos habebant tutores. set postea lex Claudia lata est quae, quod ad feminas attinet, tutelas illas sustulit. itaque masculus quidem inpubes fratrem puberem aut patruum habet tutorem; feminae vero talem habere tutorem non intelleguntur. (158.) Set agnationis quidem ius capitis diminutione perimitur, cognationis vero ius non commutatur: quia civilis ratio civilia quiden iura corrumpere potest, naturalia vero non potest,

relations, that is to say, through the father: for instance a brother born from the same father, the son of that brother, and the grandson by that son; an uncle on the father's side, that uncle's son, and his grandson by that son. But those who are joined in relationship through persons of the female sex are not agnates, but merely cognates by natural right. Therefore there is no agnation between a mother's brother and a sister's son, but only cognation. Likewise the son of my father's sister or of my mother's sister is not my agnate, but my cognate, and conversely of course I am joined to him by the same tie: because children follow the family of their father, not of their mother 1. 157. In olden times, indeed, so far as the law of the Twelve Tables is concerned, women too had agnates for tutors, but afterwards the Lex Claudia2 was passed, which abolished these tutelages so far as relates to women. A male, therefore, under the age of puberty will have as tutor his brother over the age of puberty or his father's brother; but women, it is well known, have not a tutor of that kind. 158. By capitis diminutio the right of agnation is destroyed, but that of cognation is not changed: because a civil law doctrine may destroy civil law rights, but it cannot destroy those of natural law.

1

I. 80.

2 1. 171. Ulp. XI. 8.

159. Est autem capitis diminutio prioris capitis permutatio. enque tribus modis accidit: nam aut maxima est capitis dimi nutio, aut minor quam quidam mediam vocant, aut minima.

160. Maxima est capitis diminutio, cum aliquis simul et civitatem et libertatem ammittit; quae

qui ex patria [3 lin.]; item feminae liberae ex senatusconsulto Claudiano ancillae fiunt eorum dominorum, quibus invitis et denunciantibus nihilo minus cum servis eorum coierint.

161. Minor capitis diminutio est, cum civitas quidem amittitur, libertas vero retinetur. quod accidit ei cui aqua et igni interdictum fuerit.

162. Minima capitis diminutio est, cum et civitas et liber

159. Capitis diminutio' is the change of the original caput, and occurs in three ways; for it is either the capitis diminutio maxima; or the minor, which some call media; or the minima.

160. The maxima capitis diminutio is when a man loses at once both citizenship and liberty, which (happens to those) who (are expelled) from their country': likewise free women by virtue of a senatusconsultum of Claudius become slaves of those masters with whose slaves, in spite of their wish and warning, they have cohabited3.

161. The minor capitis diminutio is when citizenship indeed is lost, but liberty retained, which happens to a man interdicted from fire and water.

162. The minima capitis diminutio is when citizenship and

1 Ulpian, XI. 9-13. Status and caput are not identical in Roman law a slave is often said to have status, but it is also affirmed of him that he has "nullum caput." Austin is of opinion that "status and caput are not synonymous expressions, but that the term caput signifies certain conditions which are capital or principal which cannot be acquired or lost without a mighty change in the legal position of the party. Caput necessarily implies the possession of rights: status generally implies the possession of rights, but may imply mere obnoxiousness to duties, See e. g. the status of a slave. Austin, Lecture XII. Caput includes

(1) Liberty, (2) Citizenship, (3) Family. (1) includes (2) and (3); (2) includes (3), therefore by the maxima c. d, all these elements are lost, by the media all but liberty, by the minima family alone.

2 This is Huschke's emendation, his complete filling up of the passage being: "qui ex patriâ jure gentium violato peregrinis populis per patrem patratum deduntur." For information as to the pater patratus, consult a classical dictionary, or read pp. 16-18 of Kent's International Law (Abdy's edition), Cic. pro Caec. 34; Livy, I. 24, 32.

3 Ulpian, I. 91; XI. II.
4 I. 90, 128.

56 Capitis diminutio. Tutela legitima patronorum.

tas retinetur, sed status hominis commutatur. quod accidit in his qui adoptantur, item in his qui coemptionem faciunt, et in his qui mancipio dantur, quique ex mancipatione manumittantur; adeo quidem, ut quotiens quisque mancipetur, aut remancipetur, totiens capite diminuatur. (163.) Nec solum maioribus diminutionibus ius adgnationis corrumpitur, sed etiam minima. et ideo si ex duobus liberis alterum pater emancipaverit, post obitum eius neuter alteri adgnationis iure tutor esse poterit.

164. Cum autem ad agnatos tutela pertinet, non simul ad omnes pertinet, set ad eos tantum qui proximo gradu sunt. [desunt lin. 24.]

165. Ex eadem lege duodecim tabularum libertorum et libertarum tutela ad patronos liberosque eorum pertinet, quae et ipsa legitima tutela vocatur: non quia nominatim ea lege de hac tutela cavetur, sed quia perinde accepta est per interpretationem, atque si verbis legis introducta esset. eo enim ipso, quod hereditates libertorum libertarumque, si intestati decessissent, iusserat lex

liberty are retained, but the status of a man is changed; which is the case with persons adopted, likewise with those who make a coemptio, and with those who are given in mancipium, and with those who are manumitted after mancipation': so that indeed as often as a man is mancipated or remancipated, so often does he suffer capitis diminutio. 163. Not only by the greater diminutiones is the right of agnation destroyed, but even by the least; and therefore if a father have emancipated one of two sons, neither can after his death be tutor to the other by right of agnation.

164. In cases, however, when the tutelage devolves on the agnates, it does not appertain to all simultaneously but only to those who are in the nearest degree.....

165. By virtue of the same law of the Twelve Tables the tutelage of freedmen and freedwomen devolves on the patrons and their children, (and this too is styled a tutela legitima): not because express provision is made in that law with respect to this tutelage, but because it is gathered by construction as surely as if it had been set down in the words of the law. For from the very fact that the law ordered the inheritances of

1 I. 110, 116, 132.

ad patronos liberosve eorum pertinere, crediderunt veteres voluisse legem etiam tutelas ad eos pertinere, cum et agnatos quos ad hereditatem vocavit, eosdem et tutores esse iusserat.

166. Exemplo patronorum etiam fiduciariae tutelae receptae sunt. eae enim tutelae scilicet fiduciariae vocantur proprie, quae ideo nobis competunt, quia liberum caput mancipatum nobis vel a parente vel a coemptionatore manumiserimus. (167.) Set Latinarum et Latinorum inpuberum tutela non omni modo ad manumissores, sicut bona eorum, pertinet, sed ad eos quorum ante manumissionem ex iure Quiritium fuerunt: unde si ancilla ex iure Quiritium tua sit, in bonis mea, a me quidem solo, non

freedmen and freedwomen, in case of their dying intestate, to belong to the patrons or their children, the ancients concluded that the law intended their tutelages also to devolve on them, since it ordered that the agnates too, whom it called to the inheritance, should be tutors as well'.

166. Fiduciary tutelages have been admitted into use upon the precedent of patronal tutelages. For those are properly called fiduciary tutelages which devolve upon us, because we have manumitted a free person who has been mancipated to us either by a parent or a coemptionator. 167. But the tutelage of Latin women or Latin men under puberty does not in all cases appertain to their manumittors, as their goods do, but devolves on those whose property they were ex jure Quiritium before manumission: therefore if a female slave be yours ex jure Quiritium, mine in bonis, if manumitted by me alone and

title "in bonis." (See II. 40.) For by reading I. 54, we see that if the legal ownership was separated from the beneficial, the beneficial owner, i. e. the owner in bonis, having the potestas, had the power of manumission. The general rule in the case of tutelages which were for the profit of the tutor as well as the pupil, was that the benefit (the right of inheritance) should go with the burden (the tutelage proper), but in this paragraph Gaius is pointing out an exception. Ulpian, XI. 19.