48 Emancipation of women. in eius potestatem; si vero is, dum in mancipio sit, decesserit, sui iuris fit. (135 a.) Et de licet [1 lin.] ut supra diximus, quod in filio faciunt tres mancipationes, hoc facit una mancipatio in nepote. 136. Mulieres, quamvis in manu sint, nisi coemtionem fecerint, potestate parentis non liberantur. hoc in Flaminica Diali senatusconsulto confirmatur, quo ex auctoritate consulum Maximi et Tuberonis cavetur, ut haec quod ad sacra tantum videatur in manu esse, quod vero ad cetera perinde habeatur, atque si in manum non convenisset. Sed mulieres quae coemtionem fecerunt per mancipationem potestate parentis liberantur: nec interest, an in viri sui manu sint, an extranei; quamvis hae solae loco filiarum habeantur quae in viri manu sunt. 137. [3 lin.] remancipatione desinunt in manu esse, et cum ex remancipatione manumissae fuerint, sui iuris efficiuntur [3 lin.] nihilo magis potesť cogere, quam filia patrem. set filia quidem mancipation, he falls into his potestas, whilst if the father die in mancipium he becomes sui juris. 135 a. as we have said above', what three mancipations effect in the case of a son, one mancipation effects in the case of a grandson. 2 136. Women are not freed from the potestas of their ascendants, although they be in manus, unless they have made a coemptio. This rule is confirmed in the case of the wife of a Flamen Dialis by a senatusconsultum, wherein it is provided, at the instance of the consuls Maximus and Tubero, that such an one is to be regarded as in manus only so far as relates to sacred matters, but in respect of other things to be as though she had not come under manus. But women who have made a coemptio are freed from the potestas of their ascendant by the mancipation: nor is it material whether they be in the manus of their husband or of a stranger; although those women only are accounted in the place of daughters who are in the manus of a husband. 137. cease by the remancipation to be in manus, and when after the remancipation they are manumitted, they become sui juris3.... can no more compel him, than a daughter can her father. But a daughter, even though 1 I. 132, 134. 2 The marriage of a Flamen and Flaminica was not by coemptio, but Ly confarreatio. 3 1. 115, 115a. nullo modo patrem potest cogere, etiamsi adoptiva sit: haec autem virum repudio misso proinde compellere potest, atque si ei numquam nupta fuisset. 138. Ii qui in causa mancipii sunt, quia servorum loco habentur, vindicta, censu, testamento manumissi sui iuris fiunt. (139.) Nec tamen in hoc casu lex Aelia Sentia locum habet. itaque nihil requirimus, cuius aetatis sit is qui manumittit, et qui manumittitur: ac ne illud quidem, an patronum creditoremve manumissor habeat. Ac ne numerus quidem legis Furiae Caniniae finitus in his personis locum habet. (140.) Quin etiam invito quoque eo cuius in mancipio sunt censu libertatem consequi possunt, excepto eo quem pater ea lege mancipio dedit, ut sibi remancipetur: nam quodammodo 1 adopted, can in no case compel her father; but the other (the wife) when she has had a letter of divorce sent to her can compel her husband as though she had never been married to him 2. 138. Those who are in the condition called mancipium3, since they are regarded as being in the position of slaves, become sui juris when manumitted by vindicta, census or testament*. 139. And in such a case the Lex Aelia Sentia does not apply. Therefore we make no enquiry as to the age of him who manumits, or of him who is manumitted, nor even whether the manumittor have a patron or creditor 7. Nay, further, the number laid down by the Lex Furia Caninia has no application to such persons. 140. Moreover they can obtain their liberty by census even against the will of him in whose mancipium they are, except when a man is given in mancipium by his father with the understanding that he is to be remancipated to him: for then the father is regarded as 50 Mancipium. Tutela. tunc pater potestatem propriam reservare sibi videtur eo ipso, quod mancipio recipit. Ac ne is quidem dicitur 'invito eo cuius in mancipio est censu libertatem consequi, quem pater ex noxali causa mancipio dedit, velut qui furti eius nomine damnatus est, et eum mancipio actori dedit: nam hunc actor pro pecunia habet. (141.) In summa admonendi sumus, adversus eos quos in mancipio habemus nihil nobis contumeliose facere licere: alioquin iniuriarum actione tenebimur. Ac ne diu quidem in eo iure detinentur homines, set plerumque hoc fit dicis gratia uno momento; nisi scilicet ex noxali causa manciparentur. 142. Transeamus nunc ad aliam divisionem. nam ex his personis, quae neque in potestate neque in manu neque in mancipio sunt, quaedam vel in tutela sunt vel in curatione, quaedam neutro iure tenentur. videamus igitur quae in tutela vel in curatione sint: ita enim intellegemus ceteras personas quae neutro iure tenentur. reserving to himself in some measure his own potestas, from the very fact that he is to take him back from mancipium1. And it is held also that a man cannot by census obtain his liberty against the will of the person in whose mancipium he is, when his father has given him in mancipium for a noxal cause 3, for instance, when the father is mulcted on his account for theft, and gives him up to the plaintiff in mancipium: for the plaintiff has him instead of money. 141. Finally, we must observe that we are not allowed to inflict any indignity on those whom we have in mancipium, otherwise we shall be liable to an action for injury. And men are not detained in this condition long, but in general it exists, as a mere formality, for a single instant; that is to say, unless they are mancipated for a noxal cause. 142. Now let us pass on to another division: for of those persons who are neither in potestas, manus or mancipium, some are in tutela or curatio, some are under neither of these powers. Let us, therefore, consider who are in tutela or curatio: for thus we shall perceive who the other persons are, who are under neither power. 1 He intends to give up indeed his potestas as actual father, but to resume potestas as an adopting father, See note on I. 132. 2 IV. 75, 79. 3 III. 223, 224. Tutela testamentaria. 143. Ac prius dispiciamus de his quae in tutela sunt. 51 144. Permissum est itaque parentibus liberis quos in potestate sua habent testamento tutores dare: masculini quidem sexus inpuberibus dumtaxat, feminini autem tam inpuberibus quam nubilibus. veteres enim voluerunt feminas, etiamsi perfectae aetatis sint, propter animi levitatem in tutela esse. (145) Itaque si quis filio filiaeque testamento tutorem dederit, et ambo ad pubertatem pervenerint, filius quidem desinit habere tutorem, filia vero nihilominus in tutela permanet: tantum enim ex lege Iulia et Papia Poppaea iure liberorum a tutela liberantur feminae. loquimur autem exceptis Virginibus Vestalibus quas etiam veteres in honorem sacerdotii liberas esse voluerunt: itaque etiam lege XII tabularum cautum est. (146.) Nepotibus autem neptibusque ita demum possumus testamento tutores dare, si post mortem nostram in patris sui potestatem iure recasuri non sint. itaque si filius meus mortis 143. And first let us consider about those who are under tutelage. 144. It is permitted then to ascendants to give tutors (guardians) by testament to descendants whom they have in their potestas: to males indeed only so long as they are under puberty, but to females whether under or over puberty'. For the ancients thought fit that women, although of full age, should for the feebleness of their intellect be under tutelage 2. 145. If, therefore, a man has given by testament a tutor to his son and daughter, and both attain to puberty, the son indeed ceases to have the tutor, but the daughter still remains in tutelage; for by the Lex Julia et Papia Poppaea it is only by the prerogative of children that women are freed from tutelage. We except the Vestal Virgins, however, from what we are saying, whom even the ancients wished, in honour of their office, to be free: and therefore it is so provided also in a law of the Twelve Tables. 146. But to grandsons and granddaughters we are only able to give tutors by testament, in case after our death they will not relapse into the potestas of their father. Therefore if my son at the time of my death is in 1 Ulpian, XI. I, 14—16. 2 1. 190. Cic. pro Muraena, 12. II. 211. 4 I. 194. 3 5 Tab. v. 1. 1. 5 52 Tutela testamentaria. meae tempore in potestate mea sit, nepotes quos ex eo habeo non poterint ex testamento meo habere tutorem, quamvis in potestate mea fuerint: scilicet quia mortuo me in patris sui potestate futuri sunt. (147.) Cum tamen in compluribus aliis causis postumi pro iam natis habeantur, et in hac causa placuit non minus postumis, quam iam natis testamento tutores dari posse si modo in ea causa sint, ut si vivis nobis nascantur, in potestate nostra fiant. hos etiam heredes instituere possumus, cum extraneos postumos heredes instituere permissum non sit. (148.) Uxori quae in manu est proinde acsi filiae, item nurui quae in filii manu est proinde ac nepti tutor dari potest. (149.) Rectissime autem tutor sic dari potest: LUCIUM TITIUM LIBERIS MEIS TUTOREM DO. sed et si ita scriptum sit : LIBERIS MEIS vel UXORI MEAE TITIUS TUTOR ESTO, recte datus intellegitur. (150.) In persona tamen uxoris quae in manu est recepta est etiam tutoris optio, id est, ut liceat ei permittere quem velit ipsa tutorem sibi optare, hoc modo: my potestas, the grandsons whom I have by him cannot have a tutor given them by my testament, although they are in my potestas: the reason of course being that after my death they will be in the potestas of their father. 147. But whereas in many other cases posthumous children are esteemed as already born, therefore in this case too it has been held that tutors can be given by testament to posthumous as well as existing children; provided only the children are of such a character that if they were born in our lifetime, they would be in our potestas. We may also appoint them our heirs, although we are not allowed to appoint the posthumous children of strangers as our heirs. 148. A tutor can be given to a wife in manus exactly as to a daughter', and to a daughter-in-law, who is in the manus of our son, exactly as to a granddaughter. 149. The most regular form of appointing a tutor is: "I give Lucius Titius as tutor to my descendants:" but even if the wording be: "Titius be tutor to my descendants or to my wife," he is considered lawfully appointed. 150. In the case, however, of a wife who is in manus, the selection of a tutor is also allowed, i.e. she may be suffered to select such person as she |