Fideicommissa and legacies contrasted. 163 (285.) Ut ecce peregrini poterant fideicommissa capere: et fere haec fuit origo fideicommissorum. sed postea id prohibitum est ; et nunc ex oratione divi Hadriani senatusconsultum factum est, nt ea fideicommissa fisco vindicarentur. (286.) Caelibes quoque qui per legem Iuliam hereditates legataque capere prohibentur, olim fideicommissa videbantur capere posse. Item orbi qui per legem Papiam, ob id quod liberos non habent, dimidias partes hereditatum legatorumque perdunt, olim solida fideicommissa videbantur capere posse. sed postea senatusconsulto Pegasiano perinde fideicommissa quoque, ac legata hereditatesque capere posse prohibiti sunt. eaque translata sunt ad eos qui testamento liberos habent, aut si nullus liberos habebit, ad populum, sicuti iuris est in legatis et in hereditatibus. (287.) Eadem aut simili ex causa autem olim incertae personae vel postumo alieno per fideicommissum relinqui poterat, quamvis neque heres institui neque legari ei possit. seď senatus now exist. 285. For instance, foreigners could take fidei commissa1: and this was almost the first instance of fideicommissa. But afterwards this was forbidden: and now a senatusconsultum has been enacted, at the instance of the late emperor Hadrian, that such fideicommissa are to be claimed for the fiscus. 286. Unmarried persons also, who by the Lex Julia are debarred from taking inheritances and legacies, were in olden times considered capable of taking fideicommissa. Likewise, orbi, who by the Lex Papia lose half their inheritances and legacies because they have no children, were in olden times considered capable of taking fideicommissa in full. But afterwards by the senatusconsultum Pegasianum they were forbidden to take fideicommissa as well as inheritances or legacies. And these were transferred to those persons named in the testament who have children, or if none of them have children, to the populus, just as the rule is regarding legacies and inheritances". 287. For the same or a similar reason, too, a fideicommissum could formerly be left to an uncertain person or posthumous stranger, although such an one could not be appointed either heir or legatee*. But by a senatusconsultum which was made at 1 Cf. Val. Max. Lib. IV. c. 7. 2 II. III. Note. 3 II. 206, 207. 4 II. 238-241. Ulpian, XXII. 4. 164 Fideicommissa and legacies contrasted. consulto quod auctore divo Hadriano factum est idem in fideicommissis quod in legatis hereditatibusque constitutum est. (288.) Item poenae nomine iam non dubitatur nec per fideicommissum quidem relinqui posse. (289.) Sed quamvis in multis iuris partibus longe latior causa sit fideicommissorum, quam eorum quae directo relinquuntur, in quibusdam tantumdem valeant: tamen tutor non aliter testamento dari potest quam directo, veluti hoc modo: LIBERIS MEIS TITIUS TUTOR ESTO, vel ita: LIBERIS MEIS TITIUM TUTOREM DO: per fideicommissum vero dari non potest. the instance of the late emperor Hadrian the same rule was established with regard to fideicommissa as with regard to legacies and inheritances. 288. Likewise, there is now no doubt that a bequest by way of penalty cannot be made even by fideicommissum. 289. But although in many points of law the scope of fideicommissa is far more comprehensive than that of direct bequests, and in others the two are of equal effect, yet a tutor cannot be given in a testament in any manner except directly, for instance thus: "Titius be tutor to my children :" or thus, "I give Titius as tutor to my children:" and he cannot be given by fideicommissum. (165) BOOK III.' 1. Intestatorum hereditates lege XII tabularum primum ad suos heredes pertinent. (2.) Sui autem heredes existimantur liberi qui in potestate morientis fuerint, veluti filius filiave, nepos neptisve ex filio, pronepos proneptisve ex nepote filio nato prognatus prognatave. nec interest utrum naturales sint liberi, an adoptivi. Ita demum tamen nepos neptisve et pronepos proneptisve suorum heredum numero sunt, si praecedens persona desierit in potestate parentis esse, sive morte id acciderit sive alia ratione, veluti emancipatione: nam si per id tempus quo quis moritur filius in potestate cius sit, nepos ex eo suus heres esse non potest. idem et in ceteris 1. THE inheritances of intestates by a law of the Twelve Tables belong in the first place to the sui heredes: 2. and those descendants are accounted sui heredes who were in the potestas of the dying man, as a son or daughter, grandson or granddaughter by a son, great-grandson or great-granddaughter sprung from a grandson born from a son. Nor does it matter whether they be actual or adopted descendants. But a grandson or granddaughter, and a great-grandson or greatgranddaughter, are in the category of sui heredes only when the person prior to them in degree has ceased to be in the potestas of his ascendant, whether that has happened by death or some other means, emancipation for instance: for if at the time when a man dies his son be in his potestas, the grandson by him cannot be a suus heres. And the same we understand to be laid 1 The first four paragraphs of this book and a portion of the fifth are filled in conjecturally by the German editors of the text, as a leaf is want ing from the MS. at this point. II. 156. Ulpian, XXII. 14, XXVI. I. 3 I. 127. deinceps liberorum personis dictum intelligemus. (3.) Uxor quoque quae in manu est sua heres est, quia filiae loco est; item nurus quae in filii manu est, nam et haec neptis loco est. sed ita demum erit sua heres, si filius cuius in manu erit, cum pater moritur, in potestate eius non sit. idemque dicemus et de ea quae in nepotis manu matrimonii causa sit, quia proneptis loco est. (4.) Postumi quoque, qui si vivo parente nati essent, in potestate eius futuri forent, sui heredes sunt. (5.) Idem iuris est de his quorum nomine ex lege Aelia Sentia vel ex senatusconsulto post mortem patris causa probatur: nam et hi vivo patre causa probata in potestate eius futuri essent. (6.) Quod etiam de eo filio, qui ex prima secundave mancipatione post mortem patris manumittitur, intelligemus. 7. Igitur cum filius filiave, et ex altero filio nepotes neptesve extant, pariter ad hereditatem vocantur; nec qui gradu down with regard to other classes of descendants. 3. A wife also who is in manus is a sua heres, because she is in the place of a daughter: likewise a daughter-in-law who is in the manus of a son, because she again is in the place of a granddaughter'. But she will only be a sua heres in case the son, in whose manus she is, be not in his father's potestas when his father dies. And the same we shall also lay down with regard to a woman who is in the manus of a grandson matrimonii causâ2, because she is in the place of a great-granddaughter. 4. Posthumous children also, who, if they had been born in the lifetime of the ascendant, would have been in his potestas, are sui heredes. 5. The law is the same as to those in reference to whom cause is proved after the death of their father by virtue of the Lex Aelia Sentia or the senatusconsultum: for these too, if cause had been proved in the lifetime of the father, would have been in his potestas3. 6. Which rule we also apply to a son who is manumitted from a first or second mancipation after the death of his father1. 7. When therefore a son or daughter is alive, and also grandsons or granddaughters by another son, they are called simultaneously to the inheritance: nor does the nearer in 1 II. 159. 2 1. 114. 3 I. 29 et seqq.; I. 67 et seqq. Sui heredes and agnati. 167 proximior est ulteriorem excludit: aequum enim videbatur nepotes neptesve in patris sui locum portionemque succedere. pari ratione et si nepos neptisve sit ex filio et ex nepote pronepos proneptisve, simul omnes vocantur ad hereditatem. (8.) Et quia placebat nepotes neptesve, item pronepotes proneptesve in parentis sui locum succedere: conveniens esse visum est non in capita, sed in stirpes hereditates dividi, ita ut filius partem dimidiam hereditatis ferat, et ex altero filio duo pluresve nepotes alteram dimidiam; item si ex duobus filiis nepotes extent, et ex altero filio unus forte vel duo, ex altero tres aut quattuor, ad unum aut ad duos dimidia pars pertineat, et ad tres aut quattuor altera dimidia. 9. Si nullus sit suorum heredum, tunc hereditas pertinet ex eadem lege XII tabularum ad agnatos. (10.) Vocantur autem agnati qui legitima cognatione iuncti sunt: legitima autem cognatio est ea quae per virilis sexus personas coniungitur. ita degree exclude the more remote: for it seemed fair for the grandsons or granddaughters to succeed to the place and portion of their father. On a like principle also, if there be a grandson or granddaughter by a son and a great-grandson or great-granddaughter by a grandson, they are all called simultaneously to the inheritance. 8. And since it seemed good that grandsons and granddaughters, as also great-grandsons and great-granddaughters, should succeed into the place of their ascendant: therefore it appeared consistent that the inheritance should be divided not per capita but per stirpes, so that a son should receive one-half of the inheritance, and two or more grandsons by another son the other half: also that if there were grandsons by two sons, and from one son one or two perhaps, from the other three or four, one-half should belong to the one or two and the other half to the three or four. 9. If there be no suus heres, then the inheritance by the same law of the Twelve Tables belongs to the agnates'. IO. Now those are called agnates who are united by a relationship recognized by the law; and a relationship recognized by the law is one traced through persons of the male sex. Brothers 11. 156. Tabula v. 1. 4: "Si ab intestato moritur cui suus heres nec escit, adgnatus proximus familiam habeto." |