158 Fideicommissary gifts of freedom. relictam dominus non vendat, extingui fideicommissum; sed aliam esse causam per damnationem legati. 263. Libertas quoque servo per fideicommissum dari potest, ut vel heres rogetur manumittere, vel legatarius. (264.) Nec interest utrum de suo proprio servo testator roget, an de eo qui ipsius heredis aut legatarii vel etiam extranei sit. (265.) Itaque et alienus servus redimi et manumitti debet. quod si dominus eum non vendat, sane extinguitur libertas, quia pro libertate pretii computatio nulla intervenit. (266.) Qui autem ex fideicommisso manumittitur, non testatoris fit libertus etiamsi testatoris servus sit, sed eius qui manumittit. (267.) At qui directo, testamento, liber esse iubetur, velut hoc modo: STICHUS SERVUS MEUS LIBER ESTO, vel STICHUM SERVUM MEUM LIBERUM ESSE IUBEO, is ipsius testatoris fit libertus. Nec alius ullus directo, ex testamento, libertatem habere potest, quam qui utroque commissum the fideicommissum is extinguished: but that the case is different with a legacy by damnation. 263. Liberty can also be given to a slave by fideicommissum, in such manner that either the heir or a legatee may be asked to manumit him. 264. Nor does it matter whether the testator make request as to his own slave, or one belonging to the heir himself, or to a legatee, or even to a stranger'. 265. And therefore, even a stranger's slave must be bought and manumitted. But if the owner will not sell him, clearly the gift of liberty is extinguished, because no calculation of the value of liberty is possible. 266. Now he who is manumitted in accordance with a fideicommissum, does not become the freedman of the testator, even though he be the testator's slave, but the freedman of the person who manumits him3. 267. But he who is ordered to be free by direct bequest in a testament, for instance, in the following words: "Let my slave Stichus be free," or, "I order my slave Stichus to be free," becomes a freedman of the testator himself*: no one, however, can have liberty directly by virtue of a testament, 1 Ulpian, II. 10. 2 Ulpian, II. II. Lit. "no cal culation of price instead of liberty." For the alteration of this rule see Just. Inst. II. 24. 2. 3.This is a point of importance, because, as stated in note on I. 37, the libertus owes to his patronus certain duties. 4 Such a freedman is called libertus orcinus. Ulpian, II. 7, 8. Fideicommissa and legacies contrasted. 159 tempore testatoris ex iure Quiritium fuerit, et quo faceret testamentum et quo moreretur. 268. Multum autem differunt quae per fideicommissum relinquuntur ab his quae directo iure legantur. (269.) Nam ecce per fideicommissum etiam nutu hereditas relinqui potest: cum alioquin legatum nisi testamento facto inutile sit. (270.) Item intestatus moriturus potest ab eo ad quem bona eius pertinent fideicommissum alicui relinquere: cum alioquin ab eo legari non possit. (270a.) Item legatum codicillis relictum non aliter valet, quam si a testatore confirmati fuerint, id est nisi in testamento caverit testator, ut quidquid in codicillis scripserit id ratum sit : fideicommissum vero etiam non confirmatis codicillis relinqui potest. (271.) Item a legatario legari non potest: sed fideicommissum relinqui potest. quin etiam ab eo quoque cui per fideicommissum relinquimus rursus alii per fideicommissum re except one who belonged to the testator ex jure Quiritium at both times, viz. that at which he made the testament, and that at which he died'. 268. Things left by fideicommissum differ much from legacies. left directly. 269. For, as an instance, an inheritance can be left by fideicommissum even by a nod3: whilst on the contrary, a legacy, unless a testament be made, is invalid. 270. Also a man about to die intestate can leave a fideicommissum chargeable on him upon whom his goods devolve: although, on the contrary, a legacy cannot be charged upon such an one. 270 a. Likewise, a legacy. left in codicils is not valid, unless the codicils be confirmed by the testator, i. e. unless the testator insert a proviso in his testament that what he has written in the codicils shall stand good, but a fideicommissum can be left even in unconfirmed codicils'. 271. Likewise, a legacy cannot be charged upon a legatee, but a fideicommissum can be so charged. Moreover we can leave to a second person a further fideicommissum chargeable on a man to whom we 1 Ulpian, I. 23. 2 Justinian assimilated legacies and fideicommissa in all respects. See Inst. II. 20. 3. 3 Ulpian, xxv. 3. D. 32. (Lib. III.) 21. pr. The law regarding codicils is to See be found in Just. Inst. II. 25. 160 Fideicommissa and legacies contrasted. linquere possumus. (272.) Item servo alieno directo libertas dari non potest: sed per fideicommissum potest. (273.) Item codicillis nemo heres institui potest neque exheredari, quamvis testamento confirmati sint. at hic qui testamento heres institutus est potest codicillis rogari, ut eam hereditatem alii totam vel ex parte restituat, quamvis testamento codicilli confirmati non sint. (274.) Item mulier quae ab eo qui centum milia aeris census est per legem Voconiam heres institui non potest, tamen fideicommisso relictam sibi hereditatem capere potest. (275) Latini quoque qui hereditates legataque directo iure lege Iunia capere prohibentur, ex fideicommisso capere possunt. (276.) Item cum senatusconsulto prohibitum sit proprium servum minorem annis xxx liberum et heredem instituere, plerisque placet posse nos iubere liberum esse, cum annorum XXX erit, et rogare, ut tunc illi restituatur hereditas. (277.) Item already have left a fideicommissum. 272. Likewise, liberty cannot be given directly to another man's slave, but it can be given by fideicommissum'. 273. Likewise, no one can be instituted heir or disinherited by codicils, even though they be confirmed by testament. But the heir instituted by testament may be asked in codicils to deliver over the inheritance, wholly or in part, to another, even though the codicils be not confirmed by testament2. 274. Likewise, a woman, who by the Lex Voconia could not be instituted heir by any one registered as having more than 100,000 asses, may still take an inheritance left her by fideicommissum. 275. Latins also, who are prevented by the Lex Junia from taking inheritances. or legacies bequeathed directly, can take by fideicommissum". 276. Likewise, although we are forbidden by a senatusconsultum to appoint free and heir our own slave who is under thirty years of age, yet it is generally held that we may order him to be free when he shall arrive at the age of thirty, and ask that the inheritance be then delivered over to him3. Fideicommissa and legacies contrasted. 161 quamvis non possimus post mortem eius qui nobis heres extiterit, alium in locum eius heredem instituere, tamen possumus eum rogare, ut cum morietur, alii eam hereditatem totam vel ex parte restituat. et quia post mortem quoque heredis fideicommissum dari potest, idem efficere possumus et si ita scripserimus: CUM TITIUS HERES MEUS MORTUUS ERIT, VOLO HEREDITATEM MEAM AD PUBLIUM MAEVIUM PERTINERE. utroque autem modo, tam hoc quam illo, Titius heredem suum obligatum relinquit de fideicommisso restituendo. (278.) Praeterea legata per formulam petimus: fideicommissa vero Romae quidem aput Consulem vel aput eum Praetorem qui praecipue de fideicommissis ius dicit persequimur; in provinciis vero aput Praesidem provinciae. (279.) Item de fideicommissis semper in urbe ius 66 277. Likewise, although we cannot institute after the death of him who becomes our heir another heir to take his place', yet we can ask him to deliver over to another, when he shall be dying, the inheritance wholly or in part. And since a fideicommissum can be given even after the death of the heir2, we can produce the same effect also if we word our bequest thus: When Titius, my heir, shall be dead, I wish my inheritance to belong to Publius Maevius." By each of these methods, both the first and the second, Titius leaves his heir bound to deliver over a fideicommissum. 278. Moreover, we sue for legacies by means of a formula3: but we proceed for fideicommissa, at Rome before the Consul, or the Praetor* whose special jurisdiction is over fideicommissa, in the provinces before the governor. 279. Likewise, judgment is given regarding fideicommissa at any time in the city: but regarding tators, to avoid the operation of the Lex Aelia Sentia, had probably appointed slaves under thirty, not as heirs immediately, but to be heirs when they reached the age of thirty, and this was rendered invalid by the S.C. The S.C. therefore merely applied to a particular case the wellknown maxim: "Nemo partim testatus, partim intestatus decedere potest:" for there would be an intestacy from the time of the testator's death to that when the heir became thirty years old: or if we consider that the heir ab intestato might occupy during the interval, then the S. C. confutes us by the equally trite maxim: "Semel heres, semper he res. 1 II. 184. 2 But not a legacy: see II. 232. 3 IV. 30 et seqq. 4 Ulpian, XXV. 12: "Jus omne fideicommissorum non in vindicatione, sed in petitione consistet." Paulus, S. R. IV. 1. § 18. 162 Fideicommissa and legacies contrasted. dicitur: de legatis vero, cum res aguntur. (280.) Fideicommissorum usurae et fructus debentur, si modo moram solutionis fecerit qui fideicommissum debebit : legatorum vero usurae non debentur ; idque rescripto divi Hadriani significatur. scio tamen Iuliano placuisse in eo legato quod sinendi modo relinquitur idem iuris esse quod in fideicommissis: quam sententiam et his temporibus magis optinere video. (281.) Item legata Graece scripta non valent: fideicommissa vero valent. (282.) Item si legatum per damnationem relictum heres infitietur, in duplum cum eo agitur: fideicommissi vero nomine semper in simplum persecutio est. (283.) Item quod quisque ex fideicommisso plus debito per errorem solverit, repetere potest: at id quod ex causa falsa per damnationem legati plus debito solutum sit, repeti non potest. idem scilicet iuris est de eo [legato] quod non debitum vel ex hac vel ex illa causa per errorem solutum fuerit. 284. Erant etiam aliae differentiae, quae nunc non sunt. legacies only on days appointed for such business. 280. The interest and profits of fideicommissa are due, in case he who has to pay a fideicommissum makes delay of payment: but the interest of legacies is not due: and this is stated in a rescript of the late emperor Hadrian. I know, however, that Julianus thought the rule was the same in a legacy left sinendi modo' as in fideicommissa, and I see that this opinion prevails at the present time too. 281. Likewise, legacies written in Greek are invalid, but fideicommissa are valid. 282. Likewise, if the heir deny that a legacy has been left by damnation, the action lies against him for double: but the suit for fideicommissa is always for the value only. 283. Likewise, a man can reclaim what he has paid by mistake beyond what was due under a fideicommissum: whilst that which has for an erroneous reason been paid beyond what is due under a legacy by damnation cannot be recovered. The same undoubtedly is the law as to a legacy which, though not due, has for some cause or other been paid by mistakes. 284. There used to be other differences; but these do not 1 II. 209. 2 Ulpian, XXV. 9. 3 II. 201. 4 Ulpian, XXIV. 33. 5 In the first case the legacy is due, but there is a payment in excess : in the second case no legacy is due, at all. |