VIII. VESTED RIGHTS [§ 485-592] p 955 A. Definition and Nature [§ 485] p 955 1. Power of State [§ 486] p 956 2. Power of United States [§ 487] p 957 C. How Divested [§§ 488–490] p 957 1. Destruction of Property [§ 488] p 957 2. Forfeiture and Transfer by State [§ 489] p 957 3. Restrictions on Use [§ 490] p 957 D. Application to Particular Rights (§§ 491-592] p 958 (1) In General [§ 496] p 959 (2) Joint Estates [§ 497] p 959 (3) Remainders and Reversions [§ 498] p 959 (4) Title by Adverse Possession [§ 499] p 959 (6) Validating Defective Deeds [§ 501] p 960 c. Rights Acquired by Marriage [$$ 502-506] p 960 (1) In General [ 502] p 960 (2) Dower [§ 503] p 961 (3) Curtesy [ 504] p 962 (4) Homestead and Other Statutory Estates [§ 505] p 962 d. Rights of Heirs and Legatees [$$ 507-511] p 963 (1) In General [§ 507] p 963 (2) Adoption and Legitimation Laws [§ 508] p 963 e. Rights of Trustees [§ 512] p 963 f. Accounting by Trustee or Guardian [§ 513] p 964 g. Administration Proceedings [§ 514] p 964 h. Laws Authorizing Sale of Land [§§ 515-520] p 964 (1) In General [§ 515] p 964 (2) Of Decedent [§ 516] p 964 (4) Of Corporation [§ 518] p 964 (5) Joint Estates [§ 519] p 965 (6) Future and Contingent Estates [§ 520] p 965 i. Rights of Purchaser at Judicial Sale [§ 521] p 965 j. Lien Laws [§ 522] p 965 k. Betterment Laws [§ 523] p 965 1. Redemption Laws [§ 524] p 966 m. Exemption Laws [§§ 525–526] p 967 (2) Homestead [§ 526] p 967 n. Insolvency Laws [§ 527] p 967 o. Registration Laws [$ 528] p 967 p. Laws Regulating Property and Business [§§ 529–532] p 967 (1) Use of Property [§ 529] p 967 (2) Building Regulations [§ 530] p 967 (3) Regulating Time and Medium of Payment [§ 531] p 967 (4) Fish and Game Laws [§ 532] p 967 q. Tax Laws [§§ 533-536] p 967 (1) In General [§ 533] p 967 (2) Altering Method of Collecting Taxes [§ 534] p 968 (3) Validating Illegal Assessments and Tax Levies [§ 535] p 968 (4) Exemptions from Taxation [§ 536] p 969 r. Property and Rights of Corporations and Interest of Stockholders Therein [§§ 537-538] p 969 (1) In General [§ 537] p 969 (2) Franchises and Privileges [§ 538] p 969 s. Property and Rights of States and Municipal Corporations and Interests of Individuals Therein [ 539-550] p 971 For later cases, developments and changes in the law see cumulative Annotations, same title, page and note number. (1) Of States [§ 539] p 971 Of Municipal Corporations [§§ 540-541] p 971 (b) Disposition of Public Funds [§ 541] p 971 (b) Corporations Granted Municipal Aid [§ 543] p 971 (5) Land Taken for Public Use [§ 545] p 971 (7) Location of Seat of Government [§ 547] p 972 (9) Pensions [§ 549] p 972 t. Rights of Action and Defenses [$$ 551-557] p 972 (1) In General [§551] p 972 (2) Creation of Cause of Action [§ 552] p 972 (3) Deprivation of Defenses [§ 553] p 973 (4) Acts Done under Military Authority [§ 554] p 973 (5) Punitive Damages [§ 555] p 973 (6) Forfeitures, Fines, and Penalties [§ 556] p 973 3. Remedies [§§ 558-592] p 974 a. In General [§ 558] p 974 b. Creating or Enlarging Remedies [§ 559] p 975 c. Conditions Precedent to Maintaining Action [§ 560] p 976 d. Pending Proceedings [$ 561] p 976 e. Remedies of Creditors [§§ 562-567] p 976 (1) In General [§ 562] p 976 (2) Deprivation of Right of Curtesy [§ 563] p 976 (3) Exemption and Homestead Laws [§ 564] p 976 (4) Liability for Wife's Debts [ 565] p 977 (5) Stockholders' Liability [§ 566] p 977 (6) Insolvency and Bankruptcy Laws [§ 567] p 977 f. Jurisdiction of Courts [§ 568] p 977 g. Service of Process [§ 569] p 977 h. Abatement and Survival of Actions [§ 570] p 977 i. Venue of Actions [$ 571] p 977 j. Continuance [§ 572] p 977 k. Dismissal without Prejudice [§ 573] p 977 1. Statutes of Limitation [§§ 574-576] p 978 (1) Reducing or Extending Time to Bring Action [§ 574] p 978 (2) Suspending Operations of Statute [§ 575] p 980 (3) Statutes Affecting Causes of Action Already Barred [$ 576] p 980 m. Parties [§ 577] p 982 n. Pleading [ 578] p 982 o. Evidence [§§ 579-582] p 982 (1) In General [§ 579] p 982 (2) Presumptions and Burden of Proof [§ 580] p 983 (3) Competency of Witnesses [§ 581] p 983 (4) Weight and Sufficiency [§ 582] p 983 p. Practice and Procedure [§ 583] p 984 q. Judgment and Execution [§§ 584-586] p 984 (1) In General [§ 584] p 984 (2) Lien [§ 585] p 985 (3) Supplementary Proceedings [586] p 985 r. Appeal or Other Proceedings for Review [$$ 587-591] p 985 (1) Granting New Right of Review [§ 587] p 985 (2) Withdrawal of Right of Review [§ 588] p 986. (3) Procedure [§ 589] p 987 (4) Interlocutory Orders [§ 590] p 987 (5) Transfer of Causes from One Appellate Court to Another [§ 591] p 987 8. Costs [592] p 987 IX. OBLIGATION OF CONTRACTS [§§ 593-777] p 987 A. Power of States in General [§§ 593–607] p 987 1. Constitutional Guaranties [§ 593] p 987 2. The Law Impairing the Obligation [§§ 594–602] p 987 a. Laws Enacted by Congress [§ 594] p 987 b. Constitutions and Constitutional Amendments [§ 595] p 988 c. Statutes [ 596-600] p 988 (1) In General [§ 596] p 988 (2) Enacted by State before Adoption of Constitution [§ 597] p 989 (3) Enacted by Independent State before Admission into Union [§ 598] p 989 (4) Enacted by State in Rebellion [§ 599] p 989 (5) Enacted by Territorial Legislature [§ 600] p 989 d. Ordinances [§ 601] p 989 e. Orders of Boards and Commissions [§ 6014] p 989 3. Exercise of Police Power [§ 603] p 991 4. Exercise of Power of Eminent Domain [§ 604] p 993 a. In General [§ 605] p 993 b. Making Debtor Liable for Taxes on Debt [§ 606] p 994 B. Contracts of States and Municipalities [§§ 608-688] p 996 1. Contracts of State [§§ 608–622] p 996 a. In General [§ 608] p 996 b. Franchises [§ 609] p 997 c. Licenses [§ 610] p 997 d. Grants of Right to Operate Lotteries [§ 611] p 998 e. Securities Issued by State [§ 612] p 998 f. Grants and Sales of Land by State [§ 613] p 1000 g. Grants of Water Rights by State [§ 614] p 1001 h. Location of County Seat or Courthouse [ 615] p 1001 i. Hiring Out Convicts [§ 616] p 1001 j. Contracts for Printing [§ 617] p 1001 k. Making Bank Paper Receivable in Payment of Debts Due State [§ 618] p 1001 d. Rights of Municipal Creditors [§§ 635-640] p 1012 (1) In general [§ 635] p 1012 (2) Levy and Collection of Taxes [§ 636] p 1013 (3) Diverting Fund Created for Particular Purpose [§ 637] p 1013 (4) Imposing Conditions Precedent to Payment of Municipal Indebtedness [§ 638] p 1014 (5) Change in Organization or Territory of Municipality [§ 639] p 1014 (6) Remedies against Municipality [§ 640] p 1014 4. Contracts as to Right to Use Streets [§ 641] p 1015 5. Public Officers [§§ 642–647] p 1016 a. In General [§§ 642-644] p 1016 (1) Constitutional Changes [§ 642] p 1016 (2) Power of Legislature [§ 643] p 1017 (3) Power of Municipalities [§ 644] p 1019 b. Intervening Rights of Third Persons [ 645] p 1020 c. Right to Compensation for Services Rendered [§ 646] p 1020 d. Pensions and Annuities [§ 647] p 1020 6. Legislative Control of Private Corporations [$$ 648-688] p 1020) a. In General [§§ 648-658] p 1020 (1) Nature of Corporate Charters [§ 648] p 1020 (2) Reservation of Power to Amend or Repeal [§§ 649–654] p 1024) (a) In General [§ 649] p 1024 (b) Manner of Reservation [§§ 650-652] p 1025 aa. By Constitution [§ 650] p 1025 bb. By General Statute [§ 651] p 1025 cc. By Charter [§ 652] p 1026 (c) Manner of Exercise [§ 653] p 1027 For later cases, developments and changes in the law see cumulative Annotations, same title, page and note number. (d) Extent of Power [§ 654] p 1027 (3) Alteration with Consent of Corporation [§ 655] p 1030 (4) When Corporation Has Not Accepted Charter [§ 656] p 1030 (5) Where Corporations Consolidate [$ 657] p 1030 (6) Distinction between Public and Private Corporations [§ 658] p 1031 b. Nature and Extent of Corporate Rights and Privileges [§§ 659–662] p 1032 (1) Monopolies and Exclusive Franchises [§ 659] p 1032 (2) Right to Charges and Tolls [§ 660] p 1034 (3) Right to Public Aid [§ 661] p 1037 (4) Licenses or Privileges to Foreign Corporations [§ 662] p 1037 c. Laws Impairing Obligation [§§ 663-688] p 1038 (1) Exercise of Police Power [§§ 663-664] p 1038 (a) In General [§ 663] p 1038 (b) Right to Regulate Conduct of Business [§ 664] p 1038 (2) Exercise of Power of Eminent Domain [§ 665] p 1041 (3) Exercise of Power of Taxation [§§ 666-671] p 1042 (a) In General [§ 666] p 1042 (b) Contract for Taxation at Certain Rate or by a Particular Method [§ 667] p 1043 (c) Contract for Exemption from Taxation [§ 668] p 1044 (d) Transfer of Exemptions or Limitations [§ 669] p 1047 (e) Taxation of Foreign Corporation [§ 670] p 1047 (f) Charter of Public Corporation Not Contract [§ 671] p 1047 (4) Enlarging or Restricting Corporate Powers [$$ 672-674] p 1047 (a) In General [§ 672] p 1047 (b) Alterations in Management [§ 673] p 1048 (c) Method of Acquiring Land [§ 674] p 1049 (5) Relieving Corporation of Burdens Imposed by Charter [§ 675] p 1049 (6) Imposing Additional Burdens [§§ 676-684] p 1049 (a) In General [§ 676] p 1049 (b) Banks and Trust Companies [§ 677] p 1049 (c) Bridges [678] p 1049 (d) Dams and Canals [§ 679] p 1049 (e) Turnpikes and Toll Roads [§ 680] p 1049 (f) Railroads [§ 681] p 1049 (g) Street Railroads [§ 682] p 1050 (h) Water and Gas Companies [§ 683] p 1050 (i) Telegraph, Telephone, and Other Public Service Companies [§ 684] p 1050 (7) Creation and Change of Remedy to Enforce Corporate Liability [§ 685] p 1050 (8) Repeal or Forfeiture of Charter [§ 686] p 1051 (9) Providing for Settlement of Affairs of Insolvent Corporation [§ 687] p 1052 C. Contracts of Individuals and Private Corporations [§§ 689-777] p 1052 1. Nature of Contracts Protected [§§ 689-697] p 1052 a. In General [§ 689] p 1052 b. Implied Contracts [ 690] p 1052 c. Quasi Contracts [§ 691] p 1053 d. Executed Contracts, Sales, and Conveyances [§ 692] p 1053 e. Mortgages and Pledges [$ 693] p 1054 f. Bills and Notes [§ 694] p 1054 g. Contracts for Services [$ 695] p 1054 h. Judgments [§ 696] p 1054 i. Marriage [ 697] p 1055 2. What Constitutes "Obligation" [§ 698] p 1055 3. Impairment of Obligation [$$ 699-711] p 1056 a. In General [§ 699] p 1056 b. Impairment a Federal Question [§ 700] p 1057 c. Who May Complain of Impairment [§ 701] p 1057 d. Annulment of Valid Contract [§ 702] p 1057 e. Material Alteration [§ 703] p 1057 f. Added Conditions or Duties [§ 704] p 1058 g. Changing Nature of Estate [705] p 1058 h. Interest [706] p 1058 i. Performance [§§ 707-709] p 1059 (1) Time, Place, and Method in General [§ 707] p 1059 (2) Amount of Payment [§ 708] p 1060 (3) Medium of Payment [§ 709] p 1060 j. Validating Invalid Agreement [§ 710] p 1060 k. Enforcing a Moral Duty [§ 711] p 1060 4. Contracts of Private Corporations [§§ 712-725] p 1060 a. Contracts of Members and Stockholders [§§ 712-717] p 1060 (1) In General [§ 712] p 1061 (2) Validating Subscription to Stock [§ 713] p 1062 (3) Taxation of Corporation [§ 714] p 1062 (4) Creating, Enlarging, or Diminishing Stockholders' Liability [§ 715] p 1062 b. Contracts with Third Persons [§§ 718–724] p 1064 (1) In General [§ 718] p 1064 (2) Validating Contracts and Conveyances [§ 719] p 1064 (3) Regulating Conduct of Business [§ 720] p 1065 (4) Regulating Foreign Corporations [§ 721] p 1065 (5) Insolvency Laws and Regulation of Priority of Claims [§ 722] p 1066 (7) Affecting Remedy [$ 724] p 1066 5. Remedies [§§ 726-777] p 1067 a. As to Subsequent Contracts [§ 726] p 1067 b. As to Prior Contracts [§§ 727-777] p 1067 (1) In General [§ 727] p 1067 723] p 1066 (2) Remedies Expressly Contracted for [§ 728] p 1070 (3) Cumulative Remedies [§ 729] p 1070 (4) Remedies to Enforce Particular Contracts [§§ 730-732] p 1070 (a) Bonds [§ 730] p 1070 (b) Leases [§ 731] p 1070 (c) Mortgages [$ 732] p 1071 (5) Creation or Displacement of Liens [§§ 733-734] p 1071 (a) In General [§ 733] p 1071 (b) Mechanics' and Laborers' Liens [§ 734] p 1072 (6) Defenses [§§ 735–738] p 1073 (a) In General [§ 735] p 1073 (b) Usury [ 736] p 1073 (c) Insurance Contracts [§ 737] p 1073 (d) Employers' Liability Acts [§ 738] p 1073 (7) Insolvency Laws [§§ 739-745] p 1073 (a) In General [§ 739] p 1073 (b) Discharge as against Creditors Accepting a Dividend [§ 740] p 1074 (c) Payment of Secured Claims [§ 741] p 1074 (d) Appointment of Receiver [$ 742] p 1074 (e) Dissolution of Attachment on Assignment for Benefit of Creditors [§ 743] p 1074 (f) Transfers Made in Contemplation of Insolvency [$ 744] p 1075 (g) Preference of Creditors [§ 745] p 1075 (8) Appraisal Laws [§ 746] p 1075 (9) Scaling Laws [§ 747] p 1075 (10) Exemption Laws [§§ 748-749] p 1075 (11) Redemption Laws [§§ 750-752] p 1077 (c) Rents and Profits during Redemption Period [§ 752] p 1078 (12) Imprisonment for Debt [§ 753] p 1078 (13) Suspension of Rights of Action and Remedies [§§ 754-761] p 1078 (b) Extending Time to Answer [§ 755] p 1079 (c) Postponing Trial [§ 756] p 1079 (d) Statutes of Limitation [§§ 757-760] p 1079 aa. In General [§ 757] p 1079 bb. Extending Time for Suit [§ 758] p 1079 cc. Reducing Time for Suit [§ 759] p 1079 (e) Extending Time for Review [§ 761] p 1080 (14) Penalties and Forfeitures [§ 762] p 1080 (15) Actions and Proceedings Therein [§§ 763-777] p 1081 (a) In General [§ 763] p 1081 (b) Conditions Precedent to Actions [§ 764] p 1081 (c) Judicial Sales [§ 765] p 1081 (d) Jurisdiction and Terms of Courts [§ 766] p 1081 (e) Process and Notice [§ 767] p 1081 (f) Parties [§ 768] p 1081 (g) Rules of Pleading [$$ 769-770] p 1082 aa. In General [§ 769] p 1082 bb. Set-Offs [ 770] p 1082 For later cases, developments and changes in the law see cumulative Annotations, same title, page and note number. |