a. Improvements in and Tolls for Use of [§ 83] p 64 b. Obstruction of, in General [§ 84] p 65 (1) Congressional Action [§ 85] p 66 b. Express Companies [§ 89] p 69 (1) Federal Regulation [§ 90] p 69 (b) Organization, Consolidation, and Management [§ 92] p 71 (c) Safety Regulations for Benefit of Public [§ 93] p 71 (d) Furnishing Facilities and Service [§§ 94-98] p 72 aa. Passenger Train Service [§§ 94-96] p 72 (bb) Stoppage of Trains at Stations [§ 95] p 72 (cc) Notice of Arrival of Trains [§ 96] p 73 bb. Equipment and Facilities Generally [§ 97] p 73 cc. Depot, Terminal, and Connection Facilities [§ 98] p 73 (e) Protection from Fire [§ 99] p 74 (f) Running of Trains on Sunday [§ 100] p 74 (g) Employees, and Relation of Railroad Therewith [$$ 101-102] p 74 bb. Other Matters [§ 102] p 77 d. Telegraphs and Telephones [§ 103] p 77 (2) Food and Drugs [§ 108] p 81 (3) Traffic in Original Packages [§ 109] p 82 d. Sale of Stocks and Securities [§ 110] p 82 e. Exhibition of Moving Pictures [§ 111] p 83 f. Transportation [§§ 112-122] p 83 (1) Of Property [§§ 112-120] p 83 (b) Charges and Discrimination [§ 113] p 84 (c) Liability of Carrier [§§ 114-117] p 86 aa. Contracts of Carriage and Liability Generally [§ 114] p 86 bb. General Delay in Transportation [§ 115] p 88 cc. Furnishing Cars for, and Acceptance and Delivery of, Freight [§ 116] p 88 dd. Failure to Pay Claims within Specified Time [§ 117] p 89 (d) Routing Shipments [§ 118] p 89 (e) Transportation of Particular Property [§§ 119-120] p 89 aa. Intoxicating Liquors [§ 119] p 89 bb. Other Property [§ 120] p 92 (2) Of Passengers [§ 121] p 92 (3) Of Live Stock [§ 122] p 94 g. Storing and Elevating Grain [§ 123] p 94 I. Regulation and Prohibition of Traffic in Intoxicating Liquors [§§ 124-125] p 94 1. In United States [§ 124] p 94 1. In General [§§ 126-127] p 96 a. General Limitations and Restrictions [§ 126] p 96 b. Discrimination [§ 127] p 98 2. Property Tax [§§ 128-140] p 98 a. Subjects of Commerce [§§ 128-130] p 98 or (g) Property of Insurance Companies [$ 139] p 102 c. Capital, Credits, and Securities [§ 140] p 102 3. License and Privilege Taxes [§§ 141-156] p 103 a. In General [§§ 141-144] p 103 (1) Imposition by State or Municipality [§§ 141-143] p 103 (b) When Invalid [§ 142] p 104 (c) Partial Validity or Operation [§ 143] p 105 (2) Imposition by Congress [§ 144] p 105 b. Agents, Brokers, Pedd ers, and Canvassers [§§ 145-150] p 105 (2) Where Goods within State at Time of Sale [§ 146] p 105 (3) Where Goods without State at Time of Sale [§ 147] p 106 (5) Labor and Immigrant Agents [§ 149] p 107 (6) Laundry Agents [150] p 107 c. Dealers in Trading Stamps [§ 151] p 108 4. Inheritance Tax [§ 157] p 113 6. Capitation Tax [§ 159] p 113 8. Duties, Imposts, and Excises [§§ 161-162] p 114 b. Tonnage Duties [§ 162] p 115 M. Port or Harbor Regulations [§ 165] p 117 N. Creation and Denial of Civil Remedies [§ 166] p 117 O. Exe ution of Judicial Process [§ 167] p 118 P. Recording Statutes [§ 168] p 119 2. Transportation of Women for Immoral Purposes [§ 170] p 119 3. Discharging Employee for Membership in Labor Union [ 171] p 119 4. Offenses Committed on High Seas [§ 172] p 119 5. Counterfeiting [§ 173] p 120 6. Violations of Interstate Commerce Act [§ 174] p 120 7. Depositing Obscene Book with Carrier [§ 175] p 120 V. INTERSTATE COMMERCE COMMISSION [§§ 176–206] p 120 A. Creation and Status [§ 176] p 120 2. As Affected by General Nature of Carrier's Business [§ 178] p 121 3. As Determined by Foreign or Interstate Character of Carrier's Business [§ 179] p 122 D. Proceedings before Commission [ 182-195] p 126 1. Who May Complain and Parties [§ 182] p 126 b. Compelling Production of Evidence [§ 189] p 128 c. Scope of Inquiry and Questions of Fact [§ 190] p 129 6. Findings, Report, and Order [§§ 191-194] p 129 a. Findings and Report [§ 191] p 129 b. Orders [§§ 192-194] p 130 (1) In General [§ 192] p 130 7. Rehearing [§ 195] p 131 E. Expenses [ 196] p 132 F. Proceedings in Court [§§ 197-206] p 132 1. Before Action by Commission [§§ 197-198] p 132 a. Actions at Law [§ 197] p 132 b. Actions in Equity [§ 198] p 134 2. Enforcement, Annulment, or Enjoining of Order of Commission [§§ 199-206] p 135 a. Jurisdiction [§ 199] p 135 b. Nature of Proceeding [$ 200] p 136 c. Who May Sue and Parties [§ 201] p 136 d. Time to Sue [§ 202] p 136 e. Pleadings [§ 203] p 136 f. Evidence [ 204] p 137 g. Trial and Order or Decree [§ 205] p 138 h. Appeal [§ 206] p 140 Factors see Factors [19 Cyc 109 et seq]. Hawkers and peddlers see Hawkers and Peddlers [21 Cyc 364 et seq]. Pilots see Pilots [30 Cyc 1607 et seq]. Seamen see Seamen [35 Cyc 1176 et seq]. Warehousemen see Warehousemen [40 Cyc 396]. Aids to commerce: Banking business generally see Banks and Bank- Negotiable instruments see Bills and Notes 8 C. Authority and duty of consuls as to commercial matters see Ambassadors and Consuls §§ 34, 40. Carriage of goods and passengers: By water see Shipping [36 Cyc 203 et seq]. Contracts violating statutes regulating dealings in articles of commerce see Contracts [9 Cyc 479]. Duties on imports and exports see Customs Duties [12 Cyc 1104 et seq]. Exclusion and expulsion of aliens see Aliens §§ 46-127. Federal tax on articles of commerce Revenue [22 Cyc 1592 et seq]. Federal trade commission see Monopolies. see Internal Foreign corporations engaging in commerce see Cor- Bridges see Bridges 9 C. J. p 417. Instrumentalities of commerce:- Continued Railroads see Railroads [33 Cyc 1 et seq]. Free see Streets and Highways [37 Cyc 1 et Toll see Toll Roads [38 Cyc 361 et seq]. Street railroads see Street Railroads [38 Cyc 1338 et seq]. Telegraphs and telephones see Telegraphs and see In Wharves see Wharves [40 Cyc 893 et seq]. I. DEFINITION Commerce or intercourse with Indians see Indians [22 Cyc 140]. Shipping see Shipping [36 Cyc 12 et seq]. Trading in farm products see Agriculture §§ 27-31. Restraint of commerce: By combinations see Monopolies [27 Cyc 898 et seq]. By conspiracy see Conspiracy [8 Cyc 634]. By contracts see Contracts [9 Cyc 522 et seq]. Restrictions on transportation of diseased animals see Animals § 150. Specific performance of contract for sale of ordinary articles of Commerce see Specific Performance [36 Cyc 555]. Towage see Towage [38 Cyc 553]. AND NATURE declared difficult to give a full, clear, and precise definition of the term.2 Its primary or dictionary definition is an exchange of commodities;3 but this Charleston, etc., R. Co. v. Anchors, supra. [1] A. Commerce. Although employed therein, the word "commerce' is not defined in the constitution of the United States, and it has been 1. Champion v. Ames, 188 U. s. of the commerce." 321, 23 SCt 321, 47 L. ed. 492. 2. Hopkins v. U. S., 171 U. S. 578, [a] No fixed or circumscribed SCt 40, 43 L. ed. 290; Charleston, meaning given by courts.The word 325, 73 SE 551; State v. Sawyer, 113 R. Co. v. Anchors, 10 Ga. A. 322, 'commerce,' as used in the ConstiMe. 458, 94 A 886, LRA1915F 1031. tution, has never been given any fixed, definite, or circumscribed meanIt is very difficult to impose the ing by the Supreme Court." U. S. v. limitations of a definition upon the Burch, 226 Fed. 974, 975. Word 'commerce almost as used in the synonymous in meaning with 3. Federal constitution. How this term, which originally was considered as the word 'trade,' has been enlarged CCA 450. so as to include contracts, transporand even instrumentalities by which Commercial intercommunications are carried on, is a matter of legal his tation, tory. ment ways, means, and agencies, Still, with all of its enlargeof meaning, the word 'comhas its limitations, and there Some things which, though touchthe field of commercial operation, not enter into it in such a way to become of themselves a part merce are Ing do as Passenger Cases, 7 How. (U. S.) 283, 401, 12 L. ed. 702 [quot U. S. v. Westman, 182 Fed. 1017, 1018]; Kalen v. U. S. 196 Fed. 888, 889, 116 And see Peo. v. Reardon, 184 N. Y. 431, 452, 77 NE 970, 112 AmSR 628, 8 LRANS 314, 6 AnnCas 515 [aff 204 U. S. 152, 27 SCt 188, 51 L. ed. 415, 9 AnnCas 736, and quot Peo. v. Chicago, etc., R. Co., 223 Ill. 581, 590, 79 NE 144, 7 AnnCas 1] (where it was said: "What is commerce? According to the derivation, history and use of the word it is the exchange of property and includes the usual agencies of communication and transportation employed to effect the exchange"). [a] Similar definitions.—(1) “The exchange of one kind of property for another, whether it be by barter, or by purchase and sale." In re Nickodemus, 18 F. Cas. No. 10,254. (2) "The sale or exchange of commodities." U. S. v. Swift, 122 Fed. 529, 531 [mod 196 U. S. 375, 25 SCt 276, 49 L. ed. 518, and quot Metropolitan Opera Co. v. Hammerstein, 162 App. Div. 691, 694, 147 NYS 532; Ameri can League Baseball Club v. Chase, 86 Misc. 441, 460, 149 NYS 6]. And see Carter v. Steele, 83 Mo. A. 211, 214 (where the court said: "Commerce is carried on by buying and International selling"); Text-Book Co. v. Lynch, 81 Vt. 101, 107, 69 A 541 (where it was said: "The common idea of commerce is reciprocal agreements by which one person delivers to another a material thing for money, which is a sale, or for another thing, which is an exchange"). (3) "An interchange or mutual change of so used, it comprehends intercourse for the purposes of trade in any and all its forms, including the transportation, purchase, sale, and exchange of commodities between the citizens of different states.5 Commerce includes but is broader than trade, definition does not express the broad scope and merchandise between different countries, or between different parts of the same country, distinguished as foreign commerce and internal commerce.' Century D. [quot State v. Indiana, etc., R. Co., 133 Ind. 69, 83, 32 NE 817, 18 LRA 502; American League Baseball Club v. Chase, 86 Misc. 441, 459, 149 NYS 6; In re Master Granite, etc., Cutters' Assoc., 23 Pa. Co. 517, 520]. (5) "The exchange or buying and selling of commodities, especially the exchange of merchandise on a large scale between different places or communities; extended trade or traffic." Webster D. [quot Brooks v. Southern Pac. R. Co., 148 Fed. 986, 991 (aff 207 U. S. 463, 28 SCt 141, 52 L. ed. 297); State v. Indiana, etc., R. Co., 133 Ind, 69, 83, 32 NE 817, 18 LRA 502; International Text-Book Co. V. Gillespie, 229 Mo. 397, 424, 129 SW 922, per Valliant, J.; McGuire V. State, 42 Oh, St. 530, 534]. Το same effect Howard V. Illinois Cent. R. Co., 148 Fed. 997 [aff 207 U. S. 463, 28 SCt 141, 52 L. ed. 297]; In re Opinion of Justices, 204 Mass. 607, 91 NE 405, 27 LRANS 483; Metropolitan Opera Co. v. Hammerstein, 162 App. Div. 691, 147 NYS 532. (6) "The interchange or mutual change of goods, productions, or property of any kind, between nations or individuals." Council Bluffs, v. Kansas City, etc., R. Co., 45 Iowa 338, 349, 24 AmR 773; Reg. v. Kings County, 15 N. B. 535, 537 [quot Tai Sing v. Maguire, 1 B. C. 101, 108]. 4. Second Employers' Liability Cases, 223 U. S. 1, 32 SCt 169, 56 L. ed. 327, 38 LRANS 44 [aff 173 Fed. 494, rev 82 Conn. 373, 73 A 762]; Passenger Cases, 7 How. (U. S.) 283, 12 L. ed. 702; Johnson v. U. S., 215 Fed. 679, 131 CCA 613. LRA1915A 862; Kalen v. U. S., 196 Fed. 888, 116 CCA 450. [a] Expansion of term.-"Commerce, in its simplest signification, means an exchange of goods; but in the advancement of society, labor, transportation, intelligence, care, and various mediums of exchange, become commodities, and enter into commerce; the subject, the vehicle, the agent, and their various operations, become the objects of commercial regulation." Gibbons v. Ogden, 9 Wheat. (U. S.) 1, 229, 6 L. ed. 23 [quot Kansas Natural Gas Co. v. Haskell, 172 Fed. 545, 560 (aff 221 U. S. 229, 31 SCt 564, 55 L. ed. 716, 35 LRANS 1193, 224 U. S. 217, 32 SCt 442, 56 L. ed. 738); Riverside Mills v. Atlantic Coast Line R. Co., 168 Fed. 987, 989; U. S. v. Southern R. Co., 164 Fed. 347, 353 (aff 222 U. S. 20, 32 SCt 2, 56 L. ed. 721); Mitchell v. Steelman, 8 Cal. 363, 372; Delaware, etc., Canal Co. v. Lawrence, 2 Hun 163, 178 (aff 56 N. Y. 612 mem)]. 5. Hopkins v. U. S., 171 U. S. 578, 19 SCt 40, 43 L. ed. 290 [quot Kansas Natural Gas Co. v. Haskell, 172 Fed. 545, 560 (aff 221 U. S. 229, 31 SCt 564, 55 L. ed. 716, 35 LRANS 1193. 224 U. S. 217, 32 SCt 442, 56 L. ed. 738); Brooks v. Southern Pac. Co., 148 Fed. 986, 991 (aff 207 U. S. 463, 28 SCt 141, 52 L. ed. 297)]; Welton v. Missouri, 91 U. S. 275, 23 L. 53 NW 351, 17 LRA 443; McNaughton & Co. v. McGirl, 20 Mont. 124, 49 P 651, 63 AmSR 610, 38 LRA 367]; Passenger Cases, 7 How. (U. S.) 283, 12 L. ed. 702; In re Charge to Grand Jury, 151 Fed. 834; Imperial Curtain Co. v. Jacob, 163 Mich. 72, 76, 127 NW 772 [quot Cyc]; State v. Jacobson, 80 Ör. 648, 157 P 1108, LRA 1916E 1180; State v. Peet, 80 Vt. 449, 68 A 661, 130 AmSR 998, 14 LRANS 677. And see Peo. v. Downs, 136 NYS 440, 447 (where the court said: "Commerce,' as used in the Constitution, involves trade and commercial relations and intercourse among citizens of different states or countries and comprehends navigation between the United States and foreign countries"); Ruck v. Chicago, etc., R. Co., 153 Wis. 158, 162, 140 NW 1074, 1076 (where the court said: "Commerce includes sale or barter, with numerous incidents thereof, communication, also transportation of passengers or goods"). [a] Substantially the same definition (1) has been given in many cases. Kalen v. U. S., 196 Fed. 888, 889, 116 CCA 450; Snead v. Central of Georgia R. Co., 151 Fed. 608, 613; Swift v. Sutphin, 39 Fed. 630, 637; Sweatt v. Boston, etc., R. Co., 23 F. Cas. No. 13,684, 3 Cliff. 339, 347; Peo. v. Raymond, 34 Cal. 492, 497; Fry v. State, 63 Ind. 552, 562, 30 AmR 238; Com. v. Hogan, 74 SW 737, 738, 25 KyL 41; Crow v. State, 14 Mo. 237, 296; Ex p. Crandall, 1 Nev. 294, 302; State v. Delaware, etc., R. Co., 30 N. J. L. 473, 478; Dillon v. Erie R. Co., 19 Misc. 116, 123, 43 NYS 320; McGuire v. State, 42 Oh. St. 530, 532; State v. Foreman, 8 Yerg. (Tenn.) 255, 316; Loverin, etc., Co. v. Trav's, 135 Wis. 322, 329, 115 NW 829. (2) For instance, the definition and rule is frequently stated in the following language: "Commerce with foreign countries and among the States, strictly considered, consists in intercourse and traffic, including in these terms navigation and the transportation and transit of persons and property, as well as the purchase, sale, and exchange of commodities. Mobile County v. Kimball, 102 U. S. 691, 702, 26 L. ed. 238 [quot Northern Securities Co. v. U. Š., 193 U. S. 197, 368, 24 SCt 436, 48 L. ed. 679 (aff 120 Fed. 721); Lindsay, etc., Co. v. Mullen, 176 U. S. 126, 147, 20 SCt 325, 44 L. ed. 400; O'Neil v. Vermont, 144 U. S. 323, 346, 12 SCt 693, 36 L. ed. 450; Kidd v. Pearson, 128 U. S. 1, 6, 9 SCt 6, 32 L. ed. 346; Bowman v. Chicago, etc., R. Co., 125 U. S. 465, 485. 8 SCt 689, 1062, 31 L. ed. 700: Wabash, etc., R. Co. v. Illinois, 118 U. S. 557, 574, 7 SCt 4, 30 L. ed. 244; U. S. V. Westman, 182 Fed. 1017, 1018; Louisville, etc., R. Co. v. Tennessee R. Commn., 19 Fed. 679, 709; Williams v. Fears, 110 Ga. 584, 589, 35 SE 699, 50 LRA 685; Charleston, etc., R. Co. v. Anchors, 10 Ga. A. 322, 326, 73 SE 551; Campbell v. Chicago, etc., R. Co., 86 Iowa 587, 590, 53 NW 351, 17 LRA 443; Marconi Wireless Tel. Co. v. Com., 218 Mass. 558, 565, 106 NE 310, AnnCas1916C 214; Arnold v. Yanders, 56 Oh. St. 417, 419, 47 NE 50, 60 AmSR 753; In re Julius, 26 Oh. Cir. Ct. 423, 426; Interstate Amusement Co. v. Albert, 128 Tenn. 417, 423, 161 SW 438]; U. S. v. E. C. Knight Co., 60 Fed. 934, 9 CCA 297. 24 LRA 428 [aff 156 U. S. 1, 15 SCt 249, 39 L. ed. 325]; State v. Morgan, 2 S. D. 32, 48 NW 314. To same ef the 6 fect New York L. Ins. Co. v. Deer Lodge County, 231 U. S. 495, 34 SCt 167, 58 L. ed. 332 [aff 43 Mont. 243. 115 P 911]. (3) Also "commerce among the States consists of intercourse and traffic between their citizens, and includes the transportation of persons and property, and navigation of public waters for that purpose, as well as the purchase, sale and exchange of commodities. Gloucester Ferry Co. v. Pennsylvania, 114 U. S. 196, 203, 5 SCt 826, 29 L. ed. 158 [quot Lindsay, etc.. Co. v. Mullen, 176 U. S. 126, 147, 20 SCt 325, 44 L. ed. 400; U. S. v. Southern R. Co., 164 Fed. 347, 353 (aff 222 U. S. 20, 32 SCt 2, 56 L. ed. 72); U. S. v. Coal Dealers' Assoc., 85 Fed. 252, 265; Ex p. Jervey, 66 Fed. 957, 959; In re Grand Jury, 62 Fed. 840, 841; Williams v. Fears, 110 Ga. 584, 589, 35 SE 699, 50 LRA 685; State v. Missouri Pac. R. Co., 96 Kan. 609, 621, 152 P 777, AnnCas1917A 612; Marconi Wireless Tel. Co. v. Com., 218 Mass. 558, 565, 106 NE 310, AnnCas1916C 214; Hickory Marble, etc.. Co. V. Southern R. Co., 147 N. C. 53, 54, 60 SE 719]. To same effect Hoke v. U. S., 227 U. S. 308, 33 SCt 281, 57 L. ed. 523, 43 LRANS 906, AnnCas1913E 905 [aff 187 Fed. 992]; Addyston Pipe, etc., Co. v. U. S., 175 U. S. 211. 20 SCt 96, 44 L. ed. 136; In re Greene, 52 Fed. 104. (4) "It embraces commercial intercourse in all its branches, including transportation of passengers and property by common carriers, whether carried on by water or by land." Second Employers' Liability Cases, 223 U. S. 1, 46, 32 SCt 169, 56 L. ed. 327, 38 LRANS 44 [aff 173 Fed. 494, rev 82 Conn. 373, 73 A 762, and quot State v. Harper, 48 Mont. 456, 460, 138 P 495, 51 LRANS 157, AnnCas1915D 1017; Ft. Smith, etc., R. Co. v. Blevins, 35 Okl. 378, 386, 130 P 525]. (5) "Commerce among the several States comprehends traffic, intercourse, trade, navigation, communication, the transit of persons and the transmission of messages by telegraph-indeed, every species of commercial intercourse among the several States." Adair v. U. S., 208 U. S. 161, 177, 28 SCt 277, 52 L. ed. 436, 13 AnnCas 764. (6) "Commerce comprehends traffic, intercourse, navigation, and the transportation of persons and property, and the means and instrumentalities by which these four things are effectuated." Williams v. Fears, 110 Ga. 584, 590, 35 SE 699, 50 LRA 685. (7) "It not only includes traffic, or buying and selling, but all those means and methods of intercourse which are necessary to the commercial unity of the nation." Kansas City v. McDonald, (Mo.) 175 SW 917, 919. Particular matters included within commerce see infra §§ 17-59. 6. U. S. v. Coal Dealers' Assoc., 85 Fed. 252; U. S. v. Cass'dy, 67 Fed. 698; U. S. v. Debs, 64 Fed. 724, 749 (where it is said: "I am unable to regard the word 'commerce,' in this statute, as synonymous with 'trade,' as used in the common-law phrase 'restraint of trade.' In its general sense, trade comprehends every species of exchange or dealing, but its chief use is 'to denote the barter or purchase and sale of goods, wares, and merchandise, either by wholesale or retail,' and so it is used in the phrase mentioned. But 'commerce' is a broader term. It is the word in that clause of the constitution by which power is conferred on congress 'to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the sev 8 10 traffic, or transportation, In early cases commerce was confined to traffic, or to trade and traffic," and it was declared that commerce is distinguishable from trade in that it relates to dealings with foreign nations, while trade means mutual traffic among members of the same community.11 [2] B. Commerce among the States or Interstate Commerce. In view of the fact that, when defining "commerce" the courts are considering its meaning in the constitutional expression "commerce among the states," the same definitions are frequently attributed to "commerce, "'"interstate commerce,' " and "commerce among the states. 12 However, in some cases definitions are stated which differentiate interstate commerce from other kinds of commerce. As so defined, it means the free interchange of commodities between citizens of different states, without regard to state lines,13 and it must be such as takes place between states as differentiated from commerce wholly within state.1 A provision in a statute that the term a "interstate commerce" as used therein shall include transportation from any state or territory or the District of Columbia to any other state or territory or the District of Columbia is not & definition of interstate commerce but is only a declaration that the territories and the District of Columbia shall be included in the term "interstate," as well as the several states." Commerce among the states is not a technical legal conception, but a practical one, drawn from the course of business.17 It is defined as a dealing in articles of commerce between states, by its citizens or others, and carried on in more than one state,18 and, taking into consideration the use of the word "among," it means commerce which concerns more states than one. 16 19 [3] C. Commerce with Foreign Nations. Commerce with foreign nations means commerce between citizens of the United States and citizens or subjects of foreign governments, as individuals.20 It embraces every species of commercial intercourse between the United States and foreign nations,21 another." Graber v. Duluth, etc., R. Co., 159 Wis. 414, 417, 150 NW 489. (3) "A commercial transaction between citizens of different States. State v. Scott, 98 Tenn. 254, 257, 39 SW 1, 36 LRA 461. (4)" Business done between two or more states." Pacific Express Co. v. Seibert, 44 Fed. 310, 316 [aff 142 U. S. 339, 12 SCt 250, 35 L. ed. 1035, and quot Western Union Tel. Co. v. Fremont, 39 Nebr. 692, 716, 58 NW 415, 26 LRA 698]. eral states, and with the Indian | S., 193 U. S. 197, 368, 24 SCt 436, 48 7. U. S.-Winder v. Caldwell, 14 How. 434, 14 L. ed. 487; Groves v. Slaughter, 15 Pet. 449, 10 L. ed. 800; Brown v. Maryland, 12 Wheat. 419, 6 L. ed. 678; Howard v. Illinois Cent. R. Co., 148 Fed. 997 [aff 207 U. S. 463, 28 SCt 141, 52 L. ed. 2971; Brooks v. Southern Pac. Co., 148 Fed. 986 [aff 207 U. S. 463, 28 SCt 141, 58 L. ed. 297]. But see Plummer v. Northern Pac. R. Co., 152 Fed. 206, 208 (where, without going into the matter exhaustively or attempting to distinguish cases holding that "commerce" is a term of larger import than "traffic," the court said: "Commerce has been defined to be traffic; that is, the buying, selling, and exchanging of commodities"). Ga-Williams v. Fears, 110 Ga. 584, 35 SE 699, 50 LRA 685. "Traffic" defined see Traffic [38 Cyc 934]. 8. Loverin, etc., Co. v. Travis, 135 14. Ware v. Mobile County, 209 U. S. 405, 409, 28 SCt 526, 52 L. ed. 855, 14 Ann Cas 1031 [aff 146 Ala. 163, 41 S 153, 121 AmSR 21, 14 LRANS 1081]. 15. 36 U. S. St. at L. 824 c 395. 16. U. S. v. Burch, 226 Fed. 974. 17. Pennsylvania R. Co. v. Clark Bros. Coal Min. Co., 238 U. S. 456, 35 SCt 896, 59 L. ed. 1406 [rev 241 Pa. 515, 88 A 683]; Davis v. Virgin'a, 236 U. S. 697, 35 SCt 479, 59 L. ed. 795 [rev 113 Va. 562, 75 SE 1135]; Savage v. Jones, 225 U. S. 501, 32 SCt 715, 56 L. ed. 1182; Swift v. U. S., 196 U. S. 375, 25 SCt 276, 49 L. ed. 518 [mod 122 Fed. 529]. 18. Groves v. Slaughter, 15 Pet. (U. S.) 449, 511, 10 L. ed. 800. 19. State V. Foreman, 8 Yerg. (Tenn.) 255, 316. And see Among 2 Wis. 322, 329, 115 NW 829 (where the C. J. p 1328 note 19. court said: "In recent years the [a] "The words 'among the sev'commerce,' especially inter-eral States' (1) distinguish between state commerce,' has been the subject of much legislation and litiga- States than one and that commerce the commerce which concerns more tion, and that legislation and litigation has been So largely addressed to the subject of transportation that there has perhaps grown up a somewhat indefinite conception that interstate commerce and interstate transportation are synonymous and coterminous expressions. But this is far from true"). Ind.-Vandalia R. Co. v. Stillwell, 181 Ind. 267, 104 NE 289, AnnCasportation [38 Cyc 947]. 1916D 258. Mont.-McNaughton v. McGirl, 20 Mont. 124, 49 P 651, 63 AmSR 610, 28 LRA 367. W. Va.-Sperry, etc., Co. v. Hill, 86 SE 748. "Commerce is traffic, but it is much more. It embraces also transportation by land and water, and all the means and appliances necessarily employed in carrying it on." Chicago, etc., R. Co. v. Fuller, 17 Wall. (U. S.) 560, 568, 21 L. ed. 710_[quot State v. Grays Harbor, etc., R. Co., 54 Wash. 530, 535, 103 P 809]. "Commerce, undoubtedly, is traffic, but it is something more-it is intercourse. It describes the commercial intercourse between nations, and parts of nations, in all its branches, and is regulated by prescribing rules for carrying on that intercourse." Gibbons v. Ogden, 9 Wheat. (U. S.) 1, 189, 6 L. ed. 23 [quot Northern Securities Co. v. U. 9. 438. "Transportation" defined see Trans- con as 12. See supra § 1 (which Peo. a which is confined within one State more 20. U. S. v. Steffens, 100 U. S. 82, 96, 25 L. ed. 550; U. S. v. Holliday, 3 Wall. (U. S.) 407, 18 L. ed. 182 [quot Henderson v. Wickham, 92 U. S. 259, 270, 23 L. ed. 543]. 21. Gibbons v. Ogden, 9 Wheat. (U. S.) 1, 189, 6 L. ed. 23 [quot Williams v. Fears, 110 Ga. 584, 589, 35 SE 699, 50 LRA 6851. |