of the captains, who always give him more than a sufficient quantity. They have a second resource, by hunting; and a third, by agriculture. Besides this, they take immense quantities of cattle from the Christians; and are reciprocally robbed of their own by the Abbatoana. They never eat fish, except some kraals which are very poor; but they are, as it were, separated from the common society, and on that account are despised.

They have no money; but cattle, and other articles necessary for subsitence, supply its place, by way of exchange.

In the centre of the kraal is a large circular area, fenced by trees, cut down and laid in the manner of abbatis. In this beast-kraal, all the cattle belonging to the kraal are driven in the evening, and milked; and in the morning, after milking again, led out into the field, and watched by a few of their young people. In the middle of this beast-kraal, each family has its corn-magazine, which is a pit dug pretty deep into the ground In this pit the corn lies on the bare ground, but is covered with the straw of the corn, and this again by cow dung; the rest is filled up with earth taken from the kraal. In those pits the corn remains dry, as the cow-dung keeps out the rain, and sucks in the moisture. Every one knows his own pit, though there is no mark upon it. When the pit is opened for the first time after the harvest, the proprietor gives a basket full of it to every family in the kraal, and a somewhat larger portion to the captain.

Every kraal has its common garden; and many families private ones. They are fenced nearly in the same manner as the beast-kraal; but they use more wood to them. Every year they make a new fence, and the old one serves for fuel Besides the beast-kraal, they have a smaller one, in which they lock up their calves, which they night and day keep separate from the cows, except at the time of milking. Round the beast and calf-kraals are placed their houses, perhaps too paces from them. They are hemispheroidal huts, built by their women: they draw a circle on the ground of from about eighteen to twenty-five fect diameter; they place on its circumference long sticks, at about the distance of a foot, leaving a space for a door; there they bend and join them so as to form so many arches, crossing each other at the top. Across these they fix thinner ones in various directions; this kind of dome is supported by one or more (two, three, or four) strong poles, thatched with straw, and lined in the inside with clay mixed with cow-dung. The entrance is two or three feet high. At the inside is commonly-formed a kind of portal. These huts have no chimney; but the fire escapes through the straw of the roof. The Caffres never place their kraals close to a river, but keep always at a distance of 3 or 400 paces, to avoid the cold and fogs arising from it; and prefer a woody country: whereas the Boschmen avoid woods, and keep themselves in the rocks.

The Caffie corn is, I think, a kind of millet, but grows from seven to ten feet high; the stalks are about an inch thick, which, chewed, have a saccharine taste. The corn itself is eaten boiled; and is more palatable than rice. They also bruise it between two stones, and make unleavened bread of it. They likewise malt it, after which it is boiled, and the decoc tion fermented. This drink they call Tjaloa.

When they sow this corn, which is the work of the women, they use neither plough nor spade, nor any manure, but only throw the seed on the grass; after this, they push off the grass with a kind of wooden spade. By this operation, the seed falls on the ground, and is covered with the grass. From underneath this half-dried and half-rotten grass, the corn afterwards springs up.

There is another kind of corn, which they call Bona; and is known in

F 2

thè

the colony by the name of Mealis, and in Holland by that of Turkish corn. The grains grow much larger here than in Europe, and are equal

to peas.

They sow also pumpkins, and a peculiar kind of water-melons. Besides this gaiden-stuff, they use several vegetables which grow wild; most of them are roots and fruits unknown, as I think. in Europe. Of the last, I will only mention that which is called Ingonja. It is a large tree, bearing a fruit of the drupa kind, which is of a delicious flavour, resembling that of sugar acidulated with lemon-juice: it is of an oval form, about two inches in length.

The Caffres cultivate tobacco in great quantities; and draw its smoke from a wooden pipe, which is inserted in a cow's horn, half filled witin water. The head of the pipe containing the tobacco, is placed vertically; the stem, ruuning obliquely downwards, pierces the side of the horn, below the surface of the water. They close up the orifices of the horn with the palm of their hand, leaving only a small aperture, thro' which they suck in the smoke.

The Caffre dislikes salt; and instead of it, rolls his meat through cow's dung, and so throws it on the fire to roast it; being first cut into long slices which run zig-zag. When one of their principal men dines, these slices, hanging on a stick, are offered him by a servant. He cuts off his piece with his assagay, and divides it among some of the company, to whom he gives a piece of his; who, in receiving it, says, unkoes (I thank you). After this every one cuts for himself.

Fire is kindled by the friction of oue stick against another, of the wood called Dethe. The one lies flat upon the ground; the other is placed vertically upon the former, and its end rests in a cavity made in the middle of the horizontal one; the vertical stick is then turned quickly between the two hands, and at the same time strongly pressed downwards: by this means some powder is rubbed off the two sticks, which grows gradually hot, black, and at last catches fire.

The essence of marriage consists not in a mutual consent of the two parties; but the woman is bought by her husband from her parents, who give her to him for some cattle; and by this contract she becomes his wife but he has no right to sell her to another.

Polygamy is practised among them: but common Caffres content them selves with one or two wives; captains take four or five; besides these, they have their concubines.

[To be continued.]

FRANCE.

IN our Magazine for September last (p. 369) we gave some Account of an Ecclesiastical Council held at Paris. To such as felt interested in that Paper, the following Extract, from the Address of the Conful to the French Nation (copied from the Traveller) will be found no less interesting, as it shews the State of Religious Toleration in that country. "The Government proclaimed, from the first period of its institution, liberty of conscience. That solemn act calmed the breasts of those who had been outraged by imprudent rigour. It has since announced the termination of religious dissentions; and, in fact, measures have been concerted with the Sovereign Pontiff of the Catholic Church, to unite in the same sentiments those who profess a common belief. At the same time, a magistrate, entrusted with every thing which relates to religious topics, has been attentive to the rights of all sects. He has acquired in his conferences with the Lutheran and Calvinist ministers, the information ne

cessary

essary for preparing those regulations, which shall assure to all the liberty to which they are entitled, and the publicity which it is the interest of social order to grant to them.

"Measures founded upon a system of equality, will provide for the maintenance of all sects. Nothing shall be left to the arbitrary disposition of their ministers; and the public treasure will feel no injury in point of increased expence.

"If some citizens have been alarmed by vain rumours, let them dispel their apprehensions !-Government has done every thing to conciliate the differences of opinion; but it has adopted no mode which could affect the principles and the independence of opinion."

ORDINATIONS.

JUNE 16, at Bingley, near Bradford, Yorkshire, the Rev. Mr. Hudswell, late student at the Rotherham Independent academy, was ordained to the pastoral office over an established Independent church at that place; their former minister, the Rev. Mr. Stevenson, having accepted an invitation to preside over a considerable congregation, with a pleasing prospect of usefulness, at Aberdeen. Mr. Ralph, of Cleckheaton, read the appropriate portions of Scripture, and prayed; Mr. Calvert, of Kippin, delivered a discourse on the nature of a congregational church, and asked the questions; after the confession of faith, Mr. Holdgate, of Bradford, prayed the ordination-prayer; Dr. Williams, of Rotherham, gave the charge, from 1 Tim. vi. 11, 12.; and Mr. Toothill, of Hopton, addressed the people; Mr. Hinchcliffe, of Booth, concluded with prayer; and Mr. Sugden, of Skipton, gave out the hymns. The whole was conducted with becoming solemnity; and many found it profitable to be there.

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66

AT Edinburgh, on Thursday, October 1st, the Associate Burgher Presbytery of Edinburgh, admitted the Rev. Robert Jack, late of Greenock, to the pastoral charge of the Associate congregation of Lloyd-street, Manchester. The Rev. John Mitchell Mason, of New York, North America, began the services of the day with praise and prayer; the Rev. James Hall, of Rose-street, Edinburgh, preached from 2 Cor. i. 24. Not for that we have dominion over your faith, but are helpers of your joy;" the Rev. James Peddie, of Bristo-street, Edinburgh, who was appointed to preside, related the seps which had been previously taken by the congregation of Lloyd-strect, by the Presbytery and Synod, towards the translation of Mr. Jack,-proposed to him the questions usual on such occasions, and declared him admitted to the pastoral charge of that congregation. He then engaged in prayer for the divine blessing on the relation thus constituted; delivered a suitable address to Mr. Jack; and concluded the public service with prayer, singing a psalm, and pronouncing the blessing. The whole was conducted with much solemnity. The Presbytery appointed their clerk to request the Rev. William Haddin, then at Manchester, to intimate to the congregation of Lloyd-street the solemn transaction of this day, and to accompany it with suitable exhor tations.

We are sorry to inform the public, that the congregation of Protectant dissenters, of the Independent denomination, assembling in Mosley-street, Manchester,

Manchester, have been deprived of the labours of a zealous and populat minister, the Rev. Joseph Smith, who has been obliged to resign his charge on account of the rupture of several blood-vessels, which repeatedly threatened his dissolution. The great Head of the Church has provided them with an approved successor, in the Rev. Samuel Bradley, late of Doncaster. His settlement among them was publicly recognized on Wednesday Nov. 11th. Mr. Johnson, of Manchester, introduced the service, with reading the Scriptures and prayer; Mr. Roby, of Manchester, preached on the invaluable worth of the Gospel, concluding with, an address to the newly-elected pastor; Mr. Parsons, of Leeds, exhibited the superior excellence of the Gospel dispensation, improving the subject by suitable exhortations to the church and congregation; Mr. Smith, their late pastor, concluded with a very affecting prayer, in which he was frequently interrupted by tears.

As a pledge of that cordial harmony and affection, which subsists be tween the different denominations of Calvinistic dissenters, in Manchester, the ministers of the several congregations have instituted a lecture, to be preached on the first Wednesday in every month, when they will occupy each other's pulpits, and preach to the united congregations the common salvation.

TIME.

The Subjects for the ensusing Year are as follows :

Jan. 6. Cannon-st. The Importance of striving together
for the Faith of the Gospel
The Natural and Moral Perfections

Feb. 3. Mosley-st.

Lloyd-st.

of God

Mar. 3.
The Original and Present State of Man
Apr. 7. Mosley-st. Predestination and Election
May 5. Baptist-ch. The Covenant of Grace
June 2. St. George's The Doctrine of Justification
July 7. Baptist-ch. The Doctrine of Regeneration

Aug. 4. St. George's The Nature, &c. of Evangelical Obe

PREACHERS.

Mr. Jack

Johnson

Roby
Hassell

Bradley

Jack Johnson

CHAPEL OPENED.

:

Nov. 24, a new chapel was opened at Etonbridge, Kent, about 12 miles from Seven Oaks, by the Rev. G. Ford, who preached in the morning from Act. x. 36. In the afternoon Mr. G. Gilbert, of Heathfield, preached from Heb. xi. 6. and in the evening Mr. Chapman (a neighbouring minister) from Acts xxviii. 22. The place was built at the sole expence of W. Tyler Esq., a native of the village. A numerous and attentive congregation attended, and presented a flattering prospect of usefulness in a dark neighbourhood.

POETRY,